Long-term evolution of hepatitis B virus genotype F: Strong association between viral diversification and the prehistoric settlement of Central and South America.

The genotype F (HBV-F) is an autochthonous Native American strain of the hepatitis B virus. In this study, we reconstruct the HBV-F long-term evolution under a hypothesis of co-divergence with humans in Central and South America, since their entry into the region 14.5-16 thousand years ago. The Bayesian phylogeographic reconstruction supported a virus-host co-expansion; however, two evolutionary scenarios would have been present. Whereas subgenotype F1 spreads along a Pacific coastal route and would have evolved associated with Central American and Andean cultures from the west of the continent, subgenotypes F2-F6 spread along the Atlantic coastline and inner pathways associated with communities inhabiting the tropical forest lowlands. Then, we propose a model for HBV-F evolution in which the selection of differential biological characteristics in these two main groups would be related to their evolution in host populations with different genetic backgrounds and dissimilar demographic conditions.