Megan E Barra1, Kristy M Phillips1, David Y Chung2, Eric S Rosenthal2,3. 1. Department of Pharmacy, Massachusetts General Hospital. 2. Division of Neurocritical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital; and. 3. Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Phenytoin has a narrow therapeutic index and the potential of under-treatment or toxicity. Available equations are used to correct for the impact of hypoalbuminemia on unbound (free) phenytoin levels. The authors aimed to determine the accuracy of equations used to estimate free phenytoin in hospitalized patients and assess the impact of using additional clinical data. METHODS: Concurrently measured total and free phenytoin levels in hospitalized patients (2014-2018) were retrospectively evaluated, excluding those from patients on renal replacement therapy and valproic acid. Differences between actual and estimated free phenytoin levels by the original (Original WTZ), Anderson-modified, and Kane-modified Winter-Tozer equations were assessed using Pearson correlations and Bland-Altman analysis. Thereafter, a population-derived formula was developed and validated in a testing cohort. RESULTS: In the 4-year training cohort (n = 81), the Original WTZ equation had the smallest mean difference of all equations. A higher mean difference [-0.362 mcg/mL (95% CI -0.585 to -0.138) vs. -0.054 mcg/mL (95% CI -0.186 to 0.078)] was observed in intensive care unit (ICU) patients compared with non-ICU patients. A cross-validated multivariable model improved the accuracy of free phenytoin estimation in ICU and non-ICU patients, even in the separate testing cohort (n = 52) with respective mean differences of -0.322 mcg/mL (95% CI -0.545 to -0.098) and -0.025 mcg/mL (95% CI -0.379 to 0.329) and was superior to the Original WTZ [mean difference -0.858 mcg/mL (95% CI -1.069 to -0.647) vs. -0.106 mcg/mL (95% CI -0.362 to 0.151), respectively]. CONCLUSIONS: Free phenytoin levels in hospitalized patients cannot be accurately determined using available estimation equations, particularly in critically ill patients. Combining ICU status and other available clinical data can improve therapeutic drug monitoring and prevent high-magnitude errors, particularly when free phenytoin assays are not readily available.
BACKGROUND: Phenytoin has a narrow therapeutic index and the potential of under-treatment or toxicity. Available equations are used to correct for the impact of hypoalbuminemia on unbound (free) phenytoin levels. The authors aimed to determine the accuracy of equations used to estimate free phenytoin in hospitalized patients and assess the impact of using additional clinical data. METHODS: Concurrently measured total and free phenytoin levels in hospitalized patients (2014-2018) were retrospectively evaluated, excluding those from patients on renal replacement therapy and valproic acid. Differences between actual and estimated free phenytoin levels by the original (Original WTZ), Anderson-modified, and Kane-modified Winter-Tozer equations were assessed using Pearson correlations and Bland-Altman analysis. Thereafter, a population-derived formula was developed and validated in a testing cohort. RESULTS: In the 4-year training cohort (n = 81), the Original WTZ equation had the smallest mean difference of all equations. A higher mean difference [-0.362 mcg/mL (95% CI -0.585 to -0.138) vs. -0.054 mcg/mL (95% CI -0.186 to 0.078)] was observed in intensive care unit (ICU) patients compared with non-ICU patients. A cross-validated multivariable model improved the accuracy of free phenytoin estimation in ICU and non-ICU patients, even in the separate testing cohort (n = 52) with respective mean differences of -0.322 mcg/mL (95% CI -0.545 to -0.098) and -0.025 mcg/mL (95% CI -0.379 to 0.329) and was superior to the Original WTZ [mean difference -0.858 mcg/mL (95% CI -1.069 to -0.647) vs. -0.106 mcg/mL (95% CI -0.362 to 0.151), respectively]. CONCLUSIONS: Free phenytoin levels in hospitalized patients cannot be accurately determined using available estimation equations, particularly in critically ill patients. Combining ICU status and other available clinical data can improve therapeutic drug monitoring and prevent high-magnitude errors, particularly when free phenytoin assays are not readily available.
Authors: Gert De Schoenmakere; Jan De Waele; Wim Terryn; Mieke Deweweire; Alain Verstraete; Eric Hoste; Sylvie Rottey; Norbert Lameire; Francis Colardyn Journal: Am J Kidney Dis Date: 2005-01 Impact factor: 8.860
Authors: Rachel G Greenberg; Chiara Melloni; Huali Wu; Daniel Gonzalez; Lawrence Ku; Kevin D Hill; Christoph P Hornik; Michael Cohen-Wolkowiez; Jeffrey T Guptill Journal: Clin Neuropharmacol Date: 2016 Sep-Oct Impact factor: 1.379