Christopher R K Ching1, Boris A Gutman1, Daqiang Sun1, Julio Villalon Reina1, Anjanibhargavi Ragothaman1, Dmitry Isaev1, Artemis Zavaliangos-Petropulu1, Amy Lin1, Rachel K Jonas1, Leila Kushan1, Laura Pacheco-Hansen1, Ariana Vajdi1, Jennifer K Forsyth1, Maria Jalbrzikowski1, Geor Bakker1, Therese van Amelsvoort1, Kevin M Antshel1, Wanda Fremont1, Wendy R Kates1, Linda E Campbell1, Kathryn L McCabe1, Michael C Craig1, Eileen Daly1, Maria Gudbrandsen1, Clodagh M Murphy1, Declan G Murphy1, Kieran C Murphy1, Ania Fiksinski1, Sanne Koops1, Jacob Vorstman1, T Blaine Crowley1, Beverly S Emanuel1, Raquel E Gur1, Donna M McDonald-McGinn1, David R Roalf1, Kosha Ruparel1, J Eric Schmitt1, Elaine H Zackai1, Courtney A Durdle1, Naomi J Goodrich-Hunsaker1, Tony J Simon1, Anne S Bassett1, Nancy J Butcher1, Eva W C Chow1, Fidel Vila-Rodriguez1, Adam Cunningham1, Joanne Doherty1, David E Linden1, Hayley Moss1, Michael J Owen1, Marianne van den Bree1, Nicolas A Crossley1, Gabriela M Repetto1, Paul M Thompson1, Carrie E Bearden1. 1. Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (Ching, Villalon Reina, Zavaliangos-Petropulu, Thompson); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Armour College of Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago (Gutman); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles (Ching, Sun, Lin, Jonas, Pacheco-Hansen, Vajdi, Forsyth, Bearden); Department of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles (Ching, Forsyth, Bearden); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (Ragothaman); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, N.C. (Isaev); Graduate Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles (Lin, Jonas); Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (Jalbrzikowski); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (Bakker, van Amelsvoort); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (Bakker); Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, N.Y. (Antshel); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (Fremont, Kates); School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (Campbell, McCabe); MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis (McCabe, Durdle, Goodrich-Hunsaker, Simon); Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, and Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, King's College London (Craig, Daly, Gudbrandsen, C.M. Murphy, D.G. Murphy); Bethlem Royal Hospital, National Institute for Health Research Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, and SLaM NHS Foundation Trust, National Autism Unit, London (Craig); Behavioural Genetics Clinic, Adult Autism Service, Behavioural and Developmental Psychiatry Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London (C.M. Murphy, D.G. Murphy); Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, and Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin (K.C. Murphy); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Fiksinski, Koops, Vorstman); Clinical Genetics Research Program (Bassett, Fiksinski, Chow), Clinical Genetics Service (Chow), Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute (Bassett), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; Dalglish Family 22q Clinic (Bassett, Fiksinski), Department of Mental Health, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (Bassett); University Health Network, Toronto (Fiksinski, Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Bassett, Vorstman, Chow); Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Research Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman); Division of Human Genetics and 22q and You Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Crowley, Emanuel, McDonald-McGinn, Zackai); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (Emanuel, McDonald-McGinn, Zackai); Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (Roalf, Ruparel); Departments of Radiology and Psychiatry, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Schmitt); Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara (Durdle); Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (Goodrich-Hunsaker); Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto (Butcher); Department Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (Vila-Rodriguez); MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K. (Cunningham, Doherty, Linden, Moss, Owen, van den Bree); Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, Cardiff, U.K. (Doherty, Linden); Department of Psychiatry, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago (Crossley); Clinica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Centro de Genética y Genomica, Facultad de Medicina, Santiago (Repetto); Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, Radiology, Engineering, Pediatrics, and Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (Thompson).
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is among the strongest known genetic risk factors for schizophrenia. Previous studies have reported variable alterations in subcortical brain structures in 22q11DS. To better characterize subcortical alterations in 22q11DS, including modulating effects of clinical and genetic heterogeneity, the authors studied a large multicenter neuroimaging cohort from the ENIGMA 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome Working Group. METHODS: Subcortical structures were measured using harmonized protocols for gross volume and subcortical shape morphometry in 533 individuals with 22q11DS and 330 matched healthy control subjects (age range, 6-56 years; 49% female). RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the 22q11DS group showed lower intracranial volume (ICV) and thalamus, putamen, hippocampus, and amygdala volumes and greater lateral ventricle, caudate, and accumbens volumes (Cohen's d values, -0.90 to 0.93). Shape analysis revealed complex differences in the 22q11DS group across all structures. The larger A-D deletion was associated with more extensive shape alterations compared with the smaller A-B deletion. Participants with 22q11DS with psychosis showed lower ICV and hippocampus, amygdala, and thalamus volumes (Cohen's d values, -0.91 to 0.53) compared with participants with 22q11DS without psychosis. Shape analysis revealed lower thickness and surface area across subregions of these structures. Compared with subcortical findings from other neuropsychiatric disorders studied by the ENIGMA consortium, significant convergence was observed between participants with 22q11DS with psychosis and participants with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. CONCLUSIONS: In the largest neuroimaging study of 22q11DS to date, the authors found widespread alterations to subcortical brain structures, which were affected by deletion size and psychotic illness. Findings indicate significant overlap between 22q11DS-associated psychosis, idiopathic schizophrenia, and other severe neuropsychiatric illnesses.
OBJECTIVE: 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is among the strongest known genetic risk factors for schizophrenia. Previous studies have reported variable alterations in subcortical brain structures in 22q11DS. To better characterize subcortical alterations in 22q11DS, including modulating effects of clinical and genetic heterogeneity, the authors studied a large multicenter neuroimaging cohort from the ENIGMA 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome Working Group. METHODS: Subcortical structures were measured using harmonized protocols for gross volume and subcortical shape morphometry in 533 individuals with 22q11DS and 330 matched healthy control subjects (age range, 6-56 years; 49% female). RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the 22q11DS group showed lower intracranial volume (ICV) and thalamus, putamen, hippocampus, and amygdala volumes and greater lateral ventricle, caudate, and accumbens volumes (Cohen's d values, -0.90 to 0.93). Shape analysis revealed complex differences in the 22q11DS group across all structures. The larger A-D deletion was associated with more extensive shape alterations compared with the smaller A-B deletion. Participants with 22q11DS with psychosis showed lower ICV and hippocampus, amygdala, and thalamus volumes (Cohen's d values, -0.91 to 0.53) compared with participants with 22q11DS without psychosis. Shape analysis revealed lower thickness and surface area across subregions of these structures. Compared with subcortical findings from other neuropsychiatric disorders studied by the ENIGMA consortium, significant convergence was observed between participants with 22q11DS with psychosis and participants with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. CONCLUSIONS: In the largest neuroimaging study of 22q11DS to date, the authors found widespread alterations to subcortical brain structures, which were affected by deletion size and psychotic illness. Findings indicate significant overlap between 22q11DS-associated psychosis, idiopathic schizophrenia, and other severe neuropsychiatric illnesses.
Authors: Reiko Toyoda; Stavroula Assimacopoulos; Jennifer Wilcoxon; Albert Taylor; Polina Feldman; Asuka Suzuki-Hirano; Tomomi Shimogori; Elizabeth A Grove Journal: Development Date: 2010-09-15 Impact factor: 6.868
Authors: Wendy R Kates; Courtney P Burnette; Brandy A Bessette; Bradley S Folley; Leslie Strunge; Ethylin W Jabs; Godfrey D Pearlson Journal: J Child Neurol Date: 2004-05 Impact factor: 1.987
Authors: Carrie E Bearden; Theo G M van Erp; Rebecca A Dutton; Agatha D Lee; Tony J Simon; Tyrone D Cannon; Beverly S Emanuel; Donna McDonald-McGinn; Elaine H Zackai; Paul M Thompson Journal: Cereb Cortex Date: 2008-05-14 Impact factor: 5.357
Authors: Martine Hoogman; Janita Bralten; Derrek P Hibar; Maarten Mennes; Marcel P Zwiers; Lizanne S J Schweren; Kimm J E van Hulzen; Sarah E Medland; Elena Shumskaya; Neda Jahanshad; Patrick de Zeeuw; Eszter Szekely; Gustavo Sudre; Thomas Wolfers; Alberdingk M H Onnink; Janneke T Dammers; Jeanette C Mostert; Yolanda Vives-Gilabert; Gregor Kohls; Eileen Oberwelland; Jochen Seitz; Martin Schulte-Rüther; Sara Ambrosino; Alysa E Doyle; Marie F Høvik; Margaretha Dramsdahl; Leanne Tamm; Theo G M van Erp; Anders Dale; Andrew Schork; Annette Conzelmann; Kathrin Zierhut; Ramona Baur; Hazel McCarthy; Yuliya N Yoncheva; Ana Cubillo; Kaylita Chantiluke; Mitul A Mehta; Yannis Paloyelis; Sarah Hohmann; Sarah Baumeister; Ivanei Bramati; Paulo Mattos; Fernanda Tovar-Moll; Pamela Douglas; Tobias Banaschewski; Daniel Brandeis; Jonna Kuntsi; Philip Asherson; Katya Rubia; Clare Kelly; Adriana Di Martino; Michael P Milham; Francisco X Castellanos; Thomas Frodl; Mariam Zentis; Klaus-Peter Lesch; Andreas Reif; Paul Pauli; Terry L Jernigan; Jan Haavik; Kerstin J Plessen; Astri J Lundervold; Kenneth Hugdahl; Larry J Seidman; Joseph Biederman; Nanda Rommelse; Dirk J Heslenfeld; Catharina A Hartman; Pieter J Hoekstra; Jaap Oosterlaan; Georg von Polier; Kerstin Konrad; Oscar Vilarroya; Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga; Joan Carles Soliva; Sarah Durston; Jan K Buitelaar; Stephen V Faraone; Philip Shaw; Paul M Thompson; Barbara Franke Journal: Lancet Psychiatry Date: 2017-02-16 Impact factor: 27.083
Authors: L Schmaal; D J Veltman; T G M van Erp; P G Sämann; T Frodl; N Jahanshad; E Loehrer; H Tiemeier; A Hofman; W J Niessen; M W Vernooij; M A Ikram; K Wittfeld; H J Grabe; A Block; K Hegenscheid; H Völzke; D Hoehn; M Czisch; J Lagopoulos; S N Hatton; I B Hickie; R Goya-Maldonado; B Krämer; O Gruber; B Couvy-Duchesne; M E Rentería; L T Strike; N T Mills; G I de Zubicaray; K L McMahon; S E Medland; N G Martin; N A Gillespie; M J Wright; G B Hall; G M MacQueen; E M Frey; A Carballedo; L S van Velzen; M J van Tol; N J van der Wee; I M Veer; H Walter; K Schnell; E Schramm; C Normann; D Schoepf; C Konrad; B Zurowski; T Nickson; A M McIntosh; M Papmeyer; H C Whalley; J E Sussmann; B R Godlewska; P J Cowen; F H Fischer; M Rose; B W J H Penninx; P M Thompson; D P Hibar Journal: Mol Psychiatry Date: 2015-06-30 Impact factor: 15.992
Authors: Deborah U Frank; Lori K Fotheringham; Judson A Brewer; Louis J Muglia; Martin Tristani-Firouzi; Mario R Capecchi; Anne M Moon Journal: Development Date: 2002-10 Impact factor: 6.868
Authors: S Hong Lee; Stephan Ripke; Benjamin M Neale; Stephen V Faraone; Shaun M Purcell; Roy H Perlis; Bryan J Mowry; Anita Thapar; Michael E Goddard; John S Witte; Devin Absher; Ingrid Agartz; Huda Akil; Farooq Amin; Ole A Andreassen; Adebayo Anjorin; Richard Anney; Verneri Anttila; Dan E Arking; Philip Asherson; Maria H Azevedo; Lena Backlund; Judith A Badner; Anthony J Bailey; Tobias Banaschewski; Jack D Barchas; Michael R Barnes; Thomas B Barrett; Nicholas Bass; Agatino Battaglia; Michael Bauer; Mònica Bayés; Frank Bellivier; Sarah E Bergen; Wade Berrettini; Catalina Betancur; Thomas Bettecken; Joseph Biederman; Elisabeth B Binder; Donald W Black; Douglas H R Blackwood; Cinnamon S Bloss; Michael Boehnke; Dorret I Boomsma; Gerome Breen; René Breuer; Richard Bruggeman; Paul Cormican; Nancy G Buccola; Jan K Buitelaar; William E Bunney; Joseph D Buxbaum; William F Byerley; Enda M Byrne; Sian Caesar; Wiepke Cahn; Rita M Cantor; Miguel Casas; Aravinda Chakravarti; Kimberly Chambert; Khalid Choudhury; Sven Cichon; C Robert Cloninger; David A Collier; Edwin H Cook; Hilary Coon; Bru Cormand; Aiden Corvin; William H Coryell; David W Craig; Ian W Craig; Jennifer Crosbie; Michael L Cuccaro; David Curtis; Darina Czamara; Susmita Datta; Geraldine Dawson; Richard Day; Eco J De Geus; Franziska Degenhardt; Srdjan Djurovic; Gary J Donohoe; Alysa E Doyle; Jubao Duan; Frank Dudbridge; Eftichia Duketis; Richard P Ebstein; Howard J Edenberg; Josephine Elia; Sean Ennis; Bruno Etain; Ayman Fanous; Anne E Farmer; I Nicol Ferrier; Matthew Flickinger; Eric Fombonne; Tatiana Foroud; Josef Frank; Barbara Franke; Christine Fraser; Robert Freedman; Nelson B Freimer; Christine M Freitag; Marion Friedl; Louise Frisén; Louise Gallagher; Pablo V Gejman; Lyudmila Georgieva; Elliot S Gershon; Daniel H Geschwind; Ina Giegling; Michael Gill; Scott D Gordon; Katherine Gordon-Smith; Elaine K Green; Tiffany A Greenwood; Dorothy E Grice; Magdalena Gross; Detelina Grozeva; Weihua Guan; Hugh Gurling; Lieuwe De Haan; Jonathan L Haines; Hakon Hakonarson; Joachim Hallmayer; Steven P Hamilton; Marian L Hamshere; Thomas F Hansen; Annette M Hartmann; Martin Hautzinger; Andrew C Heath; Anjali K Henders; Stefan Herms; Ian B Hickie; Maria Hipolito; Susanne Hoefels; Peter A Holmans; Florian Holsboer; Witte J Hoogendijk; Jouke-Jan Hottenga; Christina M Hultman; Vanessa Hus; Andrés Ingason; Marcus Ising; Stéphane Jamain; Edward G Jones; Ian Jones; Lisa Jones; Jung-Ying Tzeng; Anna K Kähler; René S Kahn; Radhika Kandaswamy; Matthew C Keller; James L Kennedy; Elaine Kenny; Lindsey Kent; Yunjung Kim; George K Kirov; Sabine M Klauck; Lambertus Klei; James A Knowles; Martin A Kohli; Daniel L Koller; Bettina Konte; Ania Korszun; Lydia Krabbendam; Robert Krasucki; Jonna Kuntsi; Phoenix Kwan; Mikael Landén; Niklas Långström; Mark Lathrop; Jacob Lawrence; William B Lawson; Marion Leboyer; David H Ledbetter; Phil H Lee; Todd Lencz; Klaus-Peter Lesch; Douglas F Levinson; Cathryn M Lewis; Jun Li; Paul Lichtenstein; Jeffrey A Lieberman; Dan-Yu Lin; Don H Linszen; Chunyu Liu; Falk W Lohoff; Sandra K Loo; Catherine Lord; Jennifer K Lowe; Susanne Lucae; Donald J MacIntyre; Pamela A F Madden; Elena Maestrini; Patrik K E Magnusson; Pamela B Mahon; Wolfgang Maier; Anil K Malhotra; Shrikant M Mane; Christa L Martin; Nicholas G Martin; Manuel Mattheisen; Keith Matthews; Morten Mattingsdal; Steven A McCarroll; Kevin A McGhee; James J McGough; Patrick J McGrath; Peter McGuffin; Melvin G McInnis; Andrew McIntosh; Rebecca McKinney; Alan W McLean; Francis J McMahon; William M McMahon; Andrew McQuillin; Helena Medeiros; Sarah E Medland; Sandra Meier; Ingrid Melle; Fan Meng; Jobst Meyer; Christel M Middeldorp; Lefkos Middleton; Vihra Milanova; Ana Miranda; Anthony P Monaco; Grant W Montgomery; Jennifer L Moran; Daniel Moreno-De-Luca; Gunnar Morken; Derek W Morris; Eric M Morrow; Valentina Moskvina; Pierandrea Muglia; Thomas W Mühleisen; Walter J Muir; Bertram Müller-Myhsok; Michael Murtha; Richard M Myers; Inez Myin-Germeys; Michael C Neale; Stan F Nelson; Caroline M Nievergelt; Ivan Nikolov; Vishwajit Nimgaonkar; Willem A Nolen; Markus M Nöthen; John I Nurnberger; Evaristus A Nwulia; Dale R Nyholt; Colm O'Dushlaine; Robert D Oades; Ann Olincy; Guiomar Oliveira; Line Olsen; Roel A Ophoff; Urban Osby; Michael J Owen; Aarno Palotie; Jeremy R Parr; Andrew D Paterson; Carlos N Pato; Michele T Pato; Brenda W Penninx; Michele L Pergadia; Margaret A Pericak-Vance; Benjamin S Pickard; Jonathan Pimm; Joseph Piven; Danielle Posthuma; James B Potash; Fritz Poustka; Peter Propping; Vinay Puri; Digby J Quested; Emma M Quinn; Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga; Henrik B Rasmussen; Soumya Raychaudhuri; Karola Rehnström; Andreas Reif; Marta Ribasés; John P Rice; Marcella Rietschel; Kathryn Roeder; Herbert Roeyers; Lizzy Rossin; Aribert Rothenberger; Guy Rouleau; Douglas Ruderfer; Dan Rujescu; Alan R Sanders; Stephan J Sanders; Susan L Santangelo; Joseph A Sergeant; Russell Schachar; Martin Schalling; Alan F Schatzberg; William A Scheftner; Gerard D Schellenberg; Stephen W Scherer; Nicholas J Schork; Thomas G Schulze; Johannes Schumacher; Markus Schwarz; Edward Scolnick; Laura J Scott; Jianxin Shi; Paul D Shilling; Stanley I Shyn; Jeremy M Silverman; Susan L Slager; Susan L Smalley; Johannes H Smit; Erin N Smith; Edmund J S Sonuga-Barke; David St Clair; Matthew State; Michael Steffens; Hans-Christoph Steinhausen; John S Strauss; Jana Strohmaier; T Scott Stroup; James S Sutcliffe; Peter Szatmari; Szabocls Szelinger; Srinivasa Thirumalai; Robert C Thompson; Alexandre A Todorov; Federica Tozzi; Jens Treutlein; Manfred Uhr; Edwin J C G van den Oord; Gerard Van Grootheest; Jim Van Os; Astrid M Vicente; Veronica J Vieland; John B Vincent; Peter M Visscher; Christopher A Walsh; Thomas H Wassink; Stanley J Watson; Myrna M Weissman; Thomas Werge; Thomas F Wienker; Ellen M Wijsman; Gonneke Willemsen; Nigel Williams; A Jeremy Willsey; Stephanie H Witt; Wei Xu; Allan H Young; Timothy W Yu; Stanley Zammit; Peter P Zandi; Peng Zhang; Frans G Zitman; Sebastian Zöllner; Bernie Devlin; John R Kelsoe; Pamela Sklar; Mark J Daly; Michael C O'Donovan; Nicholas Craddock; Patrick F Sullivan; Jordan W Smoller; Kenneth S Kendler; Naomi R Wray Journal: Nat Genet Date: 2013-08-11 Impact factor: 38.330
Authors: Carina Heller; Saskia Steinmann; James J Levitt; Nikos Makris; Kevin M Antshel; Wanda Fremont; Ioana L Coman; Stefan R Schweinberger; Thomas Weiß; Sylvain Bouix; Marek R Kubicki; Wendy R Kates; Zora Kikinis Journal: Schizophr Res Date: 2020-10-23 Impact factor: 4.939
Authors: Ángeles Tepper; Analía Cuiza; Luz María Alliende; Carlos Mena; Juan Pablo Ramirez-Mahaluf; Barbara Iruretagoyena; Claudia Ornstein; Rosemarie Fritsch; Ruben Nachar; Alfonso González-Valderrama; Juan Undurraga; Juan Pablo Cruz; Cristian Tejos; Alex Fornito; Gabriela Repetto; Nicolas Crossley Journal: Schizophr Bull Date: 2022-03-01 Impact factor: 9.306
Authors: Raquel E Gur; David R Roalf; Aaron Alexander-Bloch; Donna M McDonald-McGinn; Ruben C Gur Journal: Curr Opin Genet Dev Date: 2021-02-08 Impact factor: 5.578
Authors: Clara A Moreau; Christopher Rk Ching; Kuldeep Kumar; Sebastien Jacquemont; Carrie E Bearden Journal: Curr Opin Genet Dev Date: 2021-03-31 Impact factor: 4.665
Authors: Eun-Jin Cheon; Carrie E Bearden; Daqiang Sun; Christopher R K Ching; Ole A Andreassen; Lianne Schmaal; Dick J Veltman; Sophia I Thomopoulos; Peter Kochunov; Neda Jahanshad; Paul M Thompson; Jessica A Turner; Theo G M van Erp Journal: Psychiatry Clin Neurosci Date: 2022-02-26 Impact factor: 12.145
Authors: Adam C Cunningham; Wilson Fung; Thomas H Massey; Jeremy Hall; Michael J Owen; Marianne B M van den Bree; Kathryn J Peall Journal: Mov Disord Date: 2020-05-07 Impact factor: 9.698