Lipid-stabilised double emulsions generated in planar microfluidic devices.

Microemulsions have found a wide range of applications exploiting their chemical and physical properties. Development of microfluidics-based approaches has allowed for the controlled production of highly monodispersed emulsions, including the formation of multiple and hierarchical emulsions. Conventional polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based microfluidic systems require tight spatial control over the surface chemistry when used for double emulsion generation, which can be challenging to achieve on the micrometer scale. Here, we present a 2D device design which can selectively be surface treated in a straightforward manner and allows for the formation of uniform water/oil/water (W/O/W) double emulsions by combining two distinct hydrophilic and hydrophobic surface properties. These surfaces are sufficiently separated in space to allow for imparting their functionalisation without the requirement for lithographic approaches or complex flow control. We demonstrate that a mismatch between the wettability requirements of the continuous phase and the channel wall inherent in this approach can be tolerated over several hundreds of micrometers, opening up the possibility to use simple pressure driven flows to achieve surface functionilisation. The design architecture exhibits robust efficiency in emulsion generation while retaining simple device fabrication. We finally demonstrate the potential of this approach by generating water in oil in water emulsions with lipid molecules acting as surfactants.