Timothy R Deer1, Jay S Grider2, Tim J Lamer3, Jason E Pope4, Steven Falowski5, Corey W Hunter6, David A Provenzano7, Konstantin V Slavin8, Marc Russo9, Alexios Carayannopoulos10,11, Jay M Shah12, Michael E Harned2, Jonathan M Hagedorn3, Robert B Bolash13, Jeff E Arle14, Leo Kapural15, Kasra Amirdelfan16, Sameer Jain17, Liong Liem18, Jonathan D Carlson19, Mark N Malinowski20, Markus Bendel3, Ajax Yang21, Rohit Aiyer22, Ali Valimahomed23, Ajay Antony24, Justin Craig2, Michael A Fishman25, Adnan A Al-Kaisy26, Nick Christelis27, Richard W Rosenquist13, Robert M Levy28, Nagy Mekhail13. 1. The Spine and Nerve Center of the Virginias, Charleston, West Virginia. 2. UK HealthCare Pain Services, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky. 3. Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. 4. Evolve Restorative Center, Santa Rosa, California. 5. Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Associates of Lancaster, Lancaster, Pennsylvania. 6. Ainsworth Institute of Pain Management, New York, New York. 7. Pain Diagnostics and Interventional Care, Sewickley, Pennsylvania. 8. Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA. 9. Hunter Pain Specialists, Broadmeadow, NSW, Australia. 10. Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island. 11. Department of Neurosurgery, Brown Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island. 12. New York Presbyterian Hospital, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York. 13. Anesthesiology, Pain Management and Evidence Based Pain Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio. 14. Department of Neurosurgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts. 15. Carolina Pain Institute at Brookstown, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, North Carolina. 16. IPM Medical Group, Walnut Creek, California. 17. Pain Treatment Centers of America, Little Rock, Arkansas. 18. St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands. 19. Arizona Pain/Pain Doctor, Midwestern Medical School, Glendale, Arizona. 20. Adena Spine Center, Chillicothe, Ohio. 21. Mt. Sinai Hospital, New York, New York. 22. Interventional Pain Management and Pain Psychiatry Faculty, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan. 23. Advanced Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Institute, Freehold, New Jersey. 24. University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida. 25. Center for Interventional Pain and Spine, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, USA. 26. Pain Management and Neuromodulation Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Trust, London, UK. 27. Pain Specialists Australia, Richmond, Monash University, Victoria, Australia. 28. Neurosurgical Services, Clinical Research, Anesthesia Pain Care Consultants, Tamarac, Florida, USA.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To conduct a systematic literature review of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) for pain. DESIGN: Grade the evidence for SCS. METHODS: An international, interdisciplinary work group conducted literature searches, reviewed abstracts, and selected studies for grading. Inclusion/exclusion criteria included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of patients with intractable pain of greater than one year's duration. Full studies were graded by two independent reviewers. Excluded studies were retrospective, had small numbers of subjects, or existed only as abstracts. Studies were graded using the modified Interventional Pain Management Techniques-Quality Appraisal of Reliability and Risk of Bias Assessment, the Cochrane Collaborations Risk of Bias assessment, and the US Preventative Services Task Force level-of-evidence criteria. RESULTS: SCS has Level 1 evidence (strong) for axial back/lumbar radiculopathy or neuralgia (five high-quality RCTs) and complex regional pain syndrome (one high-quality RCT). CONCLUSIONS: High-level evidence supports SCS for treating chronic pain and complex regional pain syndrome. For patients with failed back surgery syndrome, SCS was more effective than reoperation or medical management. New stimulation waveforms and frequencies may provide a greater likelihood of pain relief compared with conventional SCS for patients with axial back pain, with or without radicular pain.
OBJECTIVE: To conduct a systematic literature review of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) for pain. DESIGN: Grade the evidence for SCS. METHODS: An international, interdisciplinary work group conducted literature searches, reviewed abstracts, and selected studies for grading. Inclusion/exclusion criteria included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of patients with intractable pain of greater than one year's duration. Full studies were graded by two independent reviewers. Excluded studies were retrospective, had small numbers of subjects, or existed only as abstracts. Studies were graded using the modified Interventional Pain Management Techniques-Quality Appraisal of Reliability and Risk of Bias Assessment, the Cochrane Collaborations Risk of Bias assessment, and the US Preventative Services Task Force level-of-evidence criteria. RESULTS: SCS has Level 1 evidence (strong) for axial back/lumbar radiculopathy or neuralgia (five high-quality RCTs) and complex regional pain syndrome (one high-quality RCT). CONCLUSIONS: High-level evidence supports SCS for treating chronic pain and complex regional pain syndrome. For patients with failed back surgery syndrome, SCS was more effective than reoperation or medical management. New stimulation waveforms and frequencies may provide a greater likelihood of pain relief compared with conventional SCS for patients with axial back pain, with or without radicular pain.
Authors: S Weiner; M Strinitz; J Herfurth; F Hessenauer; C Nauroth-Kreß; T Kampf; G A Homola; N Üçeyler; C Sommer; M Pham; M Schindehütte Journal: AJNR Am J Neuroradiol Date: 2022-04-21 Impact factor: 3.825
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