Pioglitazone alleviates maternal sleep deprivation-induced cognitive deficits in male rat offspring by enhancing microglia-mediated neurogenesis.

Maternal sleep disturbance in pregnancy causes cognitive impairments and emotional disorders in offspring. Microglia-mediated inflammatory processes contribute to prenatal stress-induced neurodevelopmental deficits. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) activation underlies the switching of microglial activation phenotypes, which has emerged as a pharmacological target for regulating neuroinflammatory responses in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. Here we investigated the effects of PPARγ-dependent microglial activation on neurogenesis and cognitive behavioral outcomes in male rat offspring exposed to maternal sleep deprivation (MSD) for 72 h from days 18-21 of pregnancy. In the Morris water maze test, male MSD rat offspring needed more time than control offspring to escape to the hidden platform and spent less time in the target quadrant when the hidden platform was removed. In MSD rat offspring, microglial density as determined by immunofluorescence was higher, microglia showed fewer and shorter processes, and neurogenesis in the hippocampus was significantly reduced. Levels of mRNA encoding pro-inflammatory markers IL-6, TNFα, and IL-1β were higher in male MSD offspring, whereas levels of anti-inflammatory markers Arg1, IL-4, and IL-10 were lower, as was PPARγ expression in the hippocampus. PPARγ activation by pioglitazone (30 mg/kg/day, i.p., 7 d) mitigated these negative effects of MSD, rescuing hippocampal neurogenesis and improving cognitive function. The PPARγ inhibitor GW9662 (1 mg/kg/day, i.p., 7 d) eliminated the effects of pioglitazone. Conditioned medium from pioglitazone-treated microglia promoted proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitor cells. These results suggest that MSD-induced deficits in spatial learning and memory can be ameliorated through PPARγ-dependent modulation of microglial phenotypes.