Invited review: Utilizing peripheral nerve regenerative elements to repair damage in the CNS.

An ongoing question in neuroscience is how the peripheral nervous system can repair itself following an injury or insult whereas the central nervous system has a profoundly limited ability for repair. The recent and rapid advancement of our understanding of the gene expression and corresponding biochemical profiles of Schwann cells, within the distal segments of injured peripheral nerves, has helped elucidate the potential mechanisms underlying the unique ability for these cells to enable regeneration of peripheral nerve tissue. Meanwhile, with a new understanding and appreciation for the capabilities of the peripheral nervous system, we are beginning to unlock the potential for neural regeneration and repair within the central nervous system. The aim of this review is to briefly outline the historical advancements that lead to the recent concept of utilizing peripheral nerve tissue grafts or Schwann cell culture implants to serve as repair mechanisms for the central nervous system in the clinical setting of spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, and neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease.