Literature DB >> 32023750

[Prediction of acute graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation by the level of galectin-9 in peripheral blood].

J Yin1, Y Cao1, J F Zhou1, Y C Zhang1.   

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate possible effects of Gelctin-9 on acute graft versus host disease (aGVHD) development and clinical outcomes in patients before and afer allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) .
Methods: Peripheral blood samples were obtained from 29 patients and 15 healthy volunteers with heparin anticoagulant tubes. Samples were analyzed using ELISA kits to measure the serum concentrations of Galectin-9.
Results: Patients developing aGVHD had significantly lower level of Galectin-9 [ (7.96±1.18) μg/L] before allo-HSCT compared with those not developing aGVHD [ (12.37±0.97) μg/L, P<0.001]. And after allo-HSCT, the consentration of Galectin-9 increased markedly in patients developing aGVHD [ (17.78±1.78) μg/L] compared with those not developing aGVHD [ (9.45±0.80) μg/L, P<0.001]. Patients developing 3-4 grade aGVHD had significantly higher level of Galectin-9 [ (23.25±2.59) μg/L] compared with those developing 1-2 grade aGVHD [ (14.37±1.45) μg/L, P=0.008] and those without aGVHD [ (9.45±0.80) μg/L, P<0.001]. The patients with lower level of Galectin-9 after allo-HSCT (<13.61 μg/L) showed more favorable clinical outcomes compared with those with higher level of Galectin-9 (≥13.61 μg/L) . The 3-year overall survival rates were (100.00±6.05) % and (69.23±12.80) %, respectively (P=0.009) . The cumulative incidence of non-relapse mortality was significantly higher in high Galectin-9 group [ (23.08±11.69) %] in comparison with low Gaelctin-9 group [ (0.00±7.39) %] (P=0.023) . There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of the cumulative incidence of relapse. The cumulative incidence of relapse at 3 years were (8.33±7.98) % and (12.50±8.27) % in high and low Galectin-9 groups, respectively (P=0.708) . Conclusions: The serum concentration of Galectin-9 at the time of engraftment after allo-HSCT may be used as a predictor for the development and severity of aGVHD. Galectin-9 might be considered as a potential new approach to regulate transplant rejection to achieve desirable survival.

Entities:  

Keywords:  Allogenetic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; Galectin 9; Graft versus host disease

Mesh:

Substances:

Year:  2020        PMID: 32023750      PMCID: PMC7357916          DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2020.01.005

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi        ISSN: 0253-2727


异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)是恶性血液病最有效的治疗方法之一,急性移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)是allo-HSCT后最主要的并发症和移植失败的重要原因。目前,在临床上预防和治疗急性GVHD的手段仍然十分有限[1]–[2]。因此,早期预测、早期预防、早期干预是减少和减轻急性GVHD的关键,也是提高allo-HSCT成功率的关键。近年来急性GVHD的机制被逐渐阐明,但其诊断技术进展仍十分缓慢,主要还是依靠临床表现以及靶器官组织的活检。由于急性GVHD的临床表现缺乏特异性,与移植后粒细胞缺乏期感染、植入综合征、放化疗损伤等难以鉴别,因此寻找急性GVHD特异性生物学标志物对于疾病的早期诊断及精准治疗显得尤为重要[3]。半乳糖凝集素(Galectin)是一类能与糖类专一的非共价结合,并具有凝集细胞和沉淀聚糖与复合糖作用的非抗体蛋白质或糖蛋白,广泛分布于人体多数组织中,在细胞黏附、细胞凋亡、炎症反应、肿瘤转移等各种生理和病理过程中发挥重要作用[4]–[8]。本研究探讨外周血Galectin-9水平对allo-HSCT后急性GVHD的预测作用。

病例与方法

1.病例:本研究共纳入2013至2014年在我院接受allo-HSCT的血液病患者29例,其中男16例,女13例,中位年龄26(14~42)岁;急性髓系白血病(AML)17例,急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)5例,骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)4例,慢性髓性白血病(CML)3例;亲缘全相合移植21例,单倍型移植3例,无关供者移植5例;移植时原发病完全缓解28例,部分缓解1例。以粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)5 µg·kg−1·d−1×4~5 d进行干细胞动员。预处理方案:8例采用阿糖胞苷(Ara-C)+白消安(Bu)+环磷酰胺(Cy)+司莫司汀(Me-CCNU)方案,21例采用Ara-C+Bu+氟达拉滨(Flu)+Me-CCNU方案。GVHD预防:21例患者采用环孢素A+甲氨蝶呤(MTX)方案,8例采用环孢素A+MTX+霉酚酸酯(MMF)方案。急性GVHD按照Glucksberg标准分级。13例(44.83%)患者发生急性GVHD,其中4例(13.79%)为Ⅲ/Ⅳ度急性GVHD,16例(55.17%)未发生急性GVHD。所有患者及健康志愿者均签署知情同意书。 2.ELISA法检测Galectin-9浓度:收集我院2013至2014年行allo-HSCT的29例恶性血液病患者及15例健康志愿者(对照组)的外周血标本。allo-HSCT患者于干细胞回输前及造血重建(移植后粒细胞及血小板均植活)时采集外周血标本(肝素抗凝)。对于标本采集时存在感染的患者予以剔除。用ELISA法检测Galectin-9浓度(试剂盒为美国R&D Systems公司产品,按照说明书操作)。 3.随访:采用查阅门诊/住院病历及电话联系方式进行随访。随访截止日期为2017年12月31日。总生存(OS)时间:造血干细胞回输至随访截止或因任何原因引起死亡的时间。 4.统计学处理:采用Graphpad prism5.0和SPSS 25.0软件进行统计学分析,结果以均数±标准误表示。单变量两组资料之间的比较采用独立样本t检验;生存曲线用Kaplan-Meier;用ROC曲线来评估Galectin-9表达水平诊断急性GVHD患者的灵敏度及特异度。P≤0.05认为差异具有统计学意义。

结果

1.allo-HSCT患者移植前Galectin-9浓度与急性GVHD的关系:29例患者移植前Galectin-9浓度高于对照组[(10.39±0.85)µg/L对(4.83±0.49)µg/L,P<0.001];13例发生急性GVHD患者移植前Galectin-9浓度低于16例未发生急性GVHD患者[(7.96±1.18)µg/L对(12.37±0.97)µg/L,P=0.007];Ⅰ/Ⅱ度急性GVHD患者(9例)、Ⅲ/Ⅳ度急性GVHD患者(4例)移植前Galectin-9浓度分别为(9.29±1.78)µg/L、(5.84±0.29)µg/L(P=0.162);Ⅰ/Ⅱ度急性GVHD患者与未发生急性GVHD患者移植前Galectin-9浓度[(12.37±0.97)µg/L]差异无统计学意义(P=0.113)。未发生急性GVHD组(16例)移植前Galectin-9浓度明显高于Ⅲ/Ⅳ度急性GVHD组(P=0.002)。 2.allo-HSCT患者移植后Galectin-9:急性GVHD组植活时Galectin-9浓度高于未发生急性GVHD组[(17.78±1.78)µg/L对(9.45±0.80)µg/L,P<0.001],且移植患者Galectin-9浓度明显高于正常对照[(13.19±1.19)µg/L对(4.83±0.49)µg/L,P<0.001]。在发生急性GVHD的患者中,Ⅲ/Ⅳ度急性GVHD患者Galectin-9浓度[(23.25±2.59)µg/L]明显高于Ⅰ/Ⅱ度急性GVHD患者[(14.37±1.45)µg/L]及未发生急性GVHD的患者[(9.45±0.80)µg/L](P=0.008,P<0.001)。而Ⅰ/Ⅱ度急性GVHD患者Galectin-9浓度明显高于未发生急性GVHD的患者(P=0.004)。 3.allo-HSCT患者移植前后Galectin-9浓度:未发生急性GVHD组移植前、移植后外周血Galectin-9浓度分别为(12.37±0.97)µg/L、(9.45±0.80)µg/L(P=0.028);急性GVHD组移植前、移植后外周血Galectin-9浓度分别为(7.96±1.18)µg/L、(17.78±1.78)µg/L(P<0.001)。 4.生存分析:至随访截止时,29例患者中22例存活,其中3例患者分别在移植后3.5、8.3、8.5个月复发。7例患者死亡(2例死于复发,3例死于肺部感染后呼吸衰竭,2例死于Ⅳ度急性GVHD)。中位随访时间为1 470(105~1 816)d。 对患者移植前后Galectin-9的表达水平进行ROC分析,进一步分析Galectin-9的表达对allo-HSCT患者临床预后的影响。移植前Galectin-9水平ROC分析提示,其曲线下面积为0.851(95%CI 0.686~1.000)(P=0.001),最佳甄别阈值为8.86 µg/L,灵敏度为0.875,特异度为0.846。移植后Galectin-9水平ROC分析显示,其曲线下面积为0.887(95% CI 0.741~1.000)(P<0.001),最佳甄别阈值为13.61 µg/L,灵敏度为0.846,特异度为0.875。移植前高表达Galectin-9的患者(≥8.86 µg/L)与低表达的患者(<8.86 µg/L)3年OS率分别为(87.50±8.27)%、(84.61±10.01)%(P=0.505)(图1),3年累积复发率分别为(13.33±8.78)%、(7.69±7.39)%(P=0.617),非复发死亡率分别为(12.95±0.56)%、(7.69±7.39)%(P=0.911)。移植后Galectin-9高表达(≥13.61 µg/L)、低表达(<13.61 µg/L)患者的3年OS率分别为(69.23±12.80)%、(100.00±6.05)%(P=0.009)(图2),非复发死亡率分别为(23.08±11.69)%、(0.00±7.39)%(P=0.023),3年累积复发率分别为(8.33±7.98)%、(12.50±8.27)%(P=0.708)。
图1

移植前高表达Galectin-9组与低表达Galectin-9组总生存曲线

图2

移植后高表达Galectin-9组与低表达Galectin-9组总生存曲线

讨论

急性GVHD的相关危险因素包括干细胞的输注量、年龄、供者性别、干细胞来源、全身照射、细胞因子及受体的基因多态性等[3],但临床上仍然无法准确预测急性GVHD的发生和发展。理想的生物学标志物不仅应具备敏感性、特异性、无创性及标准化等特点,还应该能够预测疾病预后并对治疗效果进行评估。尽管已发现多种miRNA、细胞因子及免疫调节细胞对于急性GVHD的诊断及预后相关,但目前的研究仍局限于动物实验及小样本临床研究,其可靠性及临床应用价值仍需验证。 Galectin广泛分布于人体多数组织中,包括脑、乳腺、胃、肝脏、胰岛细胞、肺、子宫、扁桃体和多种免疫细胞,在细胞黏附、细胞凋亡、炎症反应、肿瘤转移等各种生理和病理过程中发挥重要作用[4]–[8]。在乳腺癌、口腔肿瘤、肝癌、膀胱癌患者中均发现了肿瘤细胞Galectin-9高表达[9]–[12],而在一些肿瘤模型中,重组Galectin-9能明显抑制肿瘤转移[13]–[15]。可见Galectin-9与肿瘤的发生、发展、转移和预后密切相关,在机体肿瘤免疫调节中发挥重要作用[16]。最新有Meta分析研究了Galectin-9对2 408例实体肿瘤患者预后的影响,结果发现Galectin-9的表达与肿瘤患者预后具有显著相关性,Galectin-9可作为评估实体瘤患者预后的有效生物学标志[17]。而在自身免疫性疾病小鼠体内,注射重组Galectin-9蛋白能减轻疾病严重程度,降低疾病致死率[18]–[20]。急性GVHD与自身免疫性疾病的发病机制具有相似的免疫学特征,注射重组Galectin-9蛋白能明显减轻实体器官移植小鼠急性排斥反应并延长生存时间[18]–[20]。可见Galectin-9在移植后免疫耐受中同样发挥着重要的作用。然而有关Galectin-9在allo-HSCT中的研究非常有限,其与急性GVHD的发生及患者预后是否具有相关性尚不明确。故本研究是首次在移植患者体内,通过检测Galectin-9的表达探讨其在预测allo-HSCT后急性GVHD及患者预后中的作用。 在本研究中,我们发现Galectin-9在allo-HSCT中具有预测急性GVHD的发生及发展的重要临床意义。我们研究发现,在移植前,患者外周血中Galectin-9的表达越高,其移植后发生急性GVHD概率越低,但是移植前Galectin-9的表达高低并无法预测急性GVHD的严重程度。且根据对移植前Galectin-9表达的ROC分析,其表达高低对患者3年OS率、非复发死亡率和复发率并无预测价值。然而我们却发现,在移植后植活时,患者外周血中Galectin-9的表达变化趋势与移植前完全相反。未发生急性GVHD的患者移植前Galectin-9高表达且在移植后逐渐下降,而发生急性GVHD的患者移植前Galectin-9低表达且移植后则明显升高。造血干细胞植活时,患者外周血Galectin-9浓度越高,其发生急性GVHD的可能性越大。且高表达患者,急性GVHD的严重程度也越重。此外,我们通过对移植后Galectin-9表达水平进行ROC分析,将13.61 µg/L作为甄别阈,结果发现,移植后高表达Galectin-9患者3年OS率较Galectin-9低表达患者更差,非复发死亡率明显增高,而3年复发率却无明显差异。我们推测,OS和非复发死亡率的差别是由于急性GVHD的发生所导致的,移植后Galectin-9高表达患者发生急性GVHD的概率明显增高,其值越高,急性GVHD的程度越重,故增加了急性GVHD相关死亡率及并发症的发生,导致OS率明显降低、非复发死亡率增高。由此,我们认为,移植前检测Galectin-9有助于预测移植后发生急性GVHD的风险,然而在移植后干细胞植活1周内检测Galectin-9的表达更具有临床意义。若患者此时Galectin-9浓度水平大于13.61 µg/L,则考虑发生急性GVHD的可能性极大。对于这类患者,应密切关注其病情变化并提前进行急性GVHD的预防及干预。 本研究结果显示Galectin-9具有作为免疫调节方面生物标志的重要潜能,尤其在allo-HSCT后预测急性GVHD的发生及预后中具有重要临床意义。目前,关于Galectin-9在allo-HSCT中的调节作用的研究较少,具体机制有待于进一步研究阐明,对Galectin-9进行深入研究或许能够为急性GVHD的预防和治疗提供一个新思路。
  20 in total

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Authors:  Augusto C Ochoa; Arnold H Zea; Claudia Hernandez; Paulo C Rodriguez
Journal:  Clin Cancer Res       Date:  2007-01-15       Impact factor: 12.531

2.  Prognostic Role of High Gal-9 Expression in Solid Tumours: a Meta-Analysis.

Authors:  Kai Wang; Zhen Chen; Rongzu Wu; Jun Yin; Min Fan; Xianlin Xu
Journal:  Cell Physiol Biochem       Date:  2018-02-05

3.  Galectin-9 as a regulator of cellular adhesion in human oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines.

Authors:  Atsushi Kasamatsu; Katsuhiro Uzawa; Dai Nakashima; Hirofumi Koike; Masashi Shiiba; Hiroki Bukawa; Hidetaka Yokoe; Hideki Tanzawa
Journal:  Int J Mol Med       Date:  2005-08       Impact factor: 4.101

4.  Galectin-9 as a prognostic factor with antimetastatic potential in breast cancer.

Authors:  Akemi Irie; Akira Yamauchi; Keiichi Kontani; Minoru Kihara; Dage Liu; Yukako Shirato; Masako Seki; Nozomu Nishi; Takanori Nakamura; Hiroyasu Yokomise; Mitsuomi Hirashima
Journal:  Clin Cancer Res       Date:  2005-04-15       Impact factor: 12.531

5.  Gr-1+CD115+ immature myeloid suppressor cells mediate the development of tumor-induced T regulatory cells and T-cell anergy in tumor-bearing host.

Authors:  Bo Huang; Ping-Ying Pan; Qingsheng Li; Alice I Sato; David E Levy; Jonathan Bromberg; Celia M Divino; Shu-Hsia Chen
Journal:  Cancer Res       Date:  2006-01-15       Impact factor: 12.701

6.  Increased production of immature myeloid cells in cancer patients: a mechanism of immunosuppression in cancer.

Authors:  B Almand; J I Clark; E Nikitina; J van Beynen; N R English; S C Knight; D P Carbone; D I Gabrilovich
Journal:  J Immunol       Date:  2001-01-01       Impact factor: 5.422

7.  Identification of discrete tumor-induced myeloid-derived suppressor cell subpopulations with distinct T cell-suppressive activity.

Authors:  Kiavash Movahedi; Martin Guilliams; Jan Van den Bossche; Rafael Van den Bergh; Conny Gysemans; Alain Beschin; Patrick De Baetselier; Jo A Van Ginderachter
Journal:  Blood       Date:  2008-02-13       Impact factor: 22.113

8.  Altered recognition of antigen is a mechanism of CD8+ T cell tolerance in cancer.

Authors:  Srinivas Nagaraj; Kapil Gupta; Vladimir Pisarev; Leo Kinarsky; Simon Sherman; Loveleen Kang; Donna L Herber; Jonathan Schneck; Dmitry I Gabrilovich
Journal:  Nat Med       Date:  2007-07-01       Impact factor: 53.440

9.  Decreased galectin-9 and increased Tim-3 expression are related to poor prognosis in gastric cancer.

Authors:  Jing Jiang; Mei-Shan Jin; Fei Kong; Donghui Cao; Hong-Xi Ma; Zhifang Jia; Yin-Ping Wang; Jian Suo; Xueyuan Cao
Journal:  PLoS One       Date:  2013-12-10       Impact factor: 3.240

10.  The glycan-binding protein galectin-9 has direct apoptotic activity toward melanoma cells.

Authors:  Valerie R Wiersma; Marco de Bruyn; Robert J van Ginkel; Emily Sigar; Mitsuomi Hirashima; Toshiro Niki; Nozomu Nishi; Douwe F Samplonius; Wijnand Helfrich; Edwin Bremer
Journal:  J Invest Dermatol       Date:  2012-05-10       Impact factor: 8.551

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