Literature DB >> 32023736

[Eltrombopag for the treatment of primary immune thrombocytopenia in 23 pediatric patients].

Y T Huang1, X F Liu2, Y F Chen2, R F Fu2, W Liu2, F Xue2, L Zhang2, R C Yang2.   

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of eltrombopag in the treatment of pediatric primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) .
Methods: The clinical characteristics of 23 pediatric ITP patients who received eltrombopag from May 2015 to March 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Eltrombopag started with an initial dose of 12.5-50.0 mg/d and the maximum dose was 75.0 mg/d.
Results: Among 23 children, there were 11 boys and 12 girls with median age 11.0 (2.0-17.0) years. Four cases were newly diagnosed ITP, the other 8 of persistent ITP and 11 of chronic ITP. The duration of eltrombopag application ranged from 4.5 to 95 weeks (8/23 still ongoing) . The median platelet (PLT) counts at 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 3 months and the 6 months after treatment were 40 (4-170) ×10(9)/L, 20 (4-130) ×10(9)/L, 60 (4-110) ×10(9)/L, and 70 (18-160) ×10(9)/L, which were all significantly higher than that before treatment 14 (2-82) ×10(9)/L (z=-3.440, P=0.001; z=-1.964, P=0.049; z=-4.339, P<0.001;z=-5.794, P<0.001 respectively) . The overall response rate was 60.87% (14/23 cases) . The median time to PLT count ≥30×10(9)/L was 10.5 (3-42) days. Seven patients (30.43%) responded within the first week, and 10 cases (43.48%) achieved PLT counts ≥30×10(9)/L within 2 weeks. All patients were divided into three groups according to the age (<6 years old, 6-12 years old, 13-17 years old) . The response rates were similar in three groups, as 33.33%, 60.00%, 85.71%, respectively. WHO bleeding scores as 0, 1, 2 were corresponded to 4, 12 and 7 patients before treatment. Patient numbers changed to 13, 7, 3 with bleeding scores 0, 1, 2 respectively after treatment (χ(2)=7.558, P=0.006) . Eltrombopag was well tolerated, the common adverse events included elevated transaminase (4 cases) and serum bilirubin (4 cases) ; mild nausea (1 case) , vomiting (1 case) and dizziness (1 case) . No drug withdrawal occurred due to adverse events.
Conclusion: Eltrombopag is safe and effective in pediatric patients with primary ITP.

Entities:  

Keywords:  Child; Drug toxicity; Eltrombopag; Thrombocytopenia; Treatment outcome

Mesh:

Substances:

Year:  2019        PMID: 32023736      PMCID: PMC7342689          DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2019.12.012

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi        ISSN: 0253-2727


原发免疫性血小板减少症(ITP)占儿童出血性疾病的25%~30%,其中约20%的患者发展为慢性ITP[1]。糖皮质激素和静脉丙种球蛋白(IVIG)是目前儿童ITP的一线治疗[2],但仍有部分患者不能维持有效止血的血小板水平。艾曲泊帕作为口服的小分子非肽类二代TPO受体激动剂(TPO-ra),可刺激巨核细胞分化成熟、产生血小板,从而提升外周血小板数量[3]。艾曲泊帕治疗中国成人ITP的疗效和安全性已有报道[4]。2013年,中华医学会儿科学分会推荐促血小板生成剂(rhTPO、艾曲泊帕等)作为儿童ITP的二线治疗选择[5],但目前在国内儿童ITP患者接受艾曲泊帕治疗的报道较少。本研究中,我们对近年来接受艾曲泊帕治疗的23例儿童ITP患者进行回顾性分析。

病例与方法

1.病例:2015年3月至2019年5月在我院住院接受艾曲泊帕治疗的23例儿童ITP患者纳入本研究。纳入标准:①年龄<18岁;②诊断标准符合文献[2];③一线治疗后复发或原方案失效;④能够规范用药且接受随访。患儿父母或监护人均知情同意。 2.艾曲泊帕治疗方案:患者根据年龄及个体情况(血小板水平、出血情况等)选择起始剂量12.5~50.0 mg/d,空腹口服给药,根据药物使用说明书、文献推荐用药及患者病情进行剂量调整,最大剂量75 mg/d。抢救性治疗包括糖皮质激素、IVIG、长春地辛、单采血小板输注等。 3.观察指标:在艾曲泊帕剂量调整期间每周至少检测1次血常规,每2周至少检测1次肝肾功能;剂量稳定后视病情延长检测间隔。观察治疗前后血小板计数变化、治疗后首次PLT≥30×109/L及≥50×109/L的时间、治疗后1周、2周时PLT≥30×109/L的患者比例,评估不同年龄组的疗效,观察用药期间WHO出血分级[6]变化及不良反应的发生情况。 4.随访及疗效判定:对所有患者进行电话、查阅门诊/住院病历进行随访。随访截止日期为2019年5月18日。中位随访时间为43(13~178)周。疗效判定标准参考文献[2],[7]:①完全反应:治疗后PLT≥100×109/L且没有出血表现;②有效:治疗后PLT≥30×109/L并且至少比基础血小板计数增加2倍;③无效:治疗后PLT<30×109/L或血小板计数增加不到基础值的2倍。 5.统计学处理:采用SPSS 25.0软件进行数据分析。不符合正态分布的计量资料以“中位数(范围)”表示,组间比较采用Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验;计数资料以“例(百分比)”表示,组间比较采用精确概率法。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

结果

1.一般资料:23例患者中,男11例,女12例,中位年龄11(2~17)岁。新诊断ITP 4例(17.39%),持续性ITP 8例(34.78%),慢性ITP 11例(47.83%)。中位基线PLT 14(2~82)×109/L,8例患者符合重型ITP标准[2]。22例患者有骨髓巨核细胞计数基线资料,中位数为414(50~2 611)个。20例患者行血小板膜糖蛋白抗体检测,8例(40.00%)阳性。全部患者均有糖皮质激素治疗史,17例患者有rhTPO治疗史。 艾曲泊帕中位起始剂量为25.0(12.5~50.0)mg/d,其中12.5 mg/d 1例,25.0 mg/d 18例、50.0 mg/d 4例。中位随访时间为43(13~178)周。中位起效时间(首次达“有效”的时间)为10.5(3~42)d。完全反应、有效各7例,总有效率为60.87%(14/23)。4例(28.57%)在治疗过程中失效。14例治疗有效患者中25 mg/d组4例(28.57%),50 mg/d组7例(50%),75 mg/d组3例(21.43%)。 2.治疗前后血小板变化情况及疗效:患者治疗前中位PLT为14(2~82)×109/L,2例患者因出血症状,在艾曲泊帕治疗前使用IVIG,基线血小板计数分别为68×109/L、82×109/L。治疗后第2周(23例)、第4周(23例)、第3个月(16例)、第6个月(11例)的中位血小板计数分别为40(4~170)×109/L、20(4~130)×109/L、60(4~110)×109/L、70(18~160)×109/L,均高于基线血小板计数(z=−3.440,P=0.001;z=−1.964,P=0.049;z=−4.339,P<0.001;z=−5.794,P<0.001)。 治疗后首次达到PLT≥30×109/L、PLT≥50×109/L的中位时间分别为10.5(3~42)d、21(3~56)d;7例(30.43%)患者起效时间≤7 d,10例(43.48%)患者起效时间≤2周。14例有效组中持续用药≥6个月时仍有64.29%(9/14)患者维持疗效。3例患者停药6个月后仍维持PLT>30×109/L,其余患者停药后血小板水平均在短期内迅速下降。8例重型ITP患者中完全反应、有效各2例,4例无效。不同疾病分期患者疗效见表1。
表1

不同疾病分期儿童ITP患者艾曲泊帕疗效(例)

组别例数完全反应有效无效
新诊断ITP4112
持续性ITP8323
慢性ITP11344

注:ITP:原发免疫性血小板减少症

注:ITP:原发免疫性血小板减少症 3.不同年龄组疗效比较:<6、6~12、13~17岁三组患者的总有效率分别为33.33%(2/6)、60.00%(6/10)、85.71%(6/7)。组间比较差异均无统计学意义(<6岁组对6~12岁组:z=1.067,P=0.302;6~12岁组对13~17岁组:z=1.311,P=0.252);<6岁组对13~17岁组:z=3.745,P=0.053)。9例治疗无效患者的最大治疗剂量:<6岁组中25、75 mg/d各1例,50 mg/d 2例;6~12岁组50 mg/d 1例,75 mg/d 3例;13~17岁组75 mg/d 1例。 4.艾曲泊帕治疗前后WHO出血评分比较:23例患者基线WHO出血评分0、1、2级分别为4、12、7例,治疗后分别为13、7、3例,较治疗前明显改善(P=0.006)。艾曲泊帕治疗有效组14例患者治疗前WHO出血分级:0级3例、1级7例、2级4例,治疗后0级12例、1级2例,较治疗前明显好转(P=0.001)。 5.不良反应:治疗过程中发生转氨酶、胆红素增高各4例,最高为CTCAE 2级;所有肝损害均自行恢复或经停药、保肝处理后恢复。其他不良反应包括:轻度恶心、呕吐及头晕各1例,均自行缓解或对症处理后好转。全部患者均无因不良反应发生而停药。

讨论

目前儿童ITP的一线治疗仍为糖皮质激素及IVIG,但长期反复使用糖皮质激素可对儿童患者的生长发育产生不良影响;IVIG治疗有效率高,但存在血制品输注以及大量输注相关不良反应等。艾曲泊帕作为二代口服促血小板生成剂治疗ITP得到广泛应用。 本组23例儿童ITP患者艾曲泊帕治疗的总有效率为60.87%(14/23),用药后血小板水平均明显高于治疗前(P<0.001),64.29%(9/14)的患者持续用药≥6个月仍维持疗效。在本研究中艾曲泊帕的治疗剂量由低至高逐渐调整,分别有30.43%、43.48%的患者在治疗后第1周和第2周内起效,中位起效时间为10.5(3~42)d。接受艾曲泊帕治疗后患者WHO出血评分较治疗前明显改善,出血症状得到很好控制(P<0.05)。国外文献报导艾曲泊帕治疗儿童ITP不良反应发生率很低,只有轻微到中度的不良反应[8],本研究结果与其一致,以转氨酶及胆红素增高为常见不良反应,均自行恢复或对症治疗后恢复,无严重不良事件发生。 关于艾曲泊帕停药方面的研究,Mahévas等[9]在对接受艾曲泊帕治疗的患者停药和长期缓解的数据进行分析,未发现取得长期缓解的预测因素。目前还无法预测哪些患者在停用艾曲泊帕治疗后可能会复发或出现持续反应[10]。本研究中3例患者药物逐渐减停后血小板计数持续>30×109/L,提示逐渐减停剂量可能会延长停药后疗效的维持时间。 国外文献报道的主要是艾曲泊帕治疗儿童慢性ITP[11]–[12]。本研究中有52.17%(12/23)患者为新诊断/持续性ITP,这部分患者艾曲泊帕的总有效率达58.33%,提示对于不愿接受糖皮质激素治疗或输注血制品的新诊断及持续性ITP患者,艾曲泊帕也是一种有效的治疗选择。 对于艾曲泊帕的治疗剂量选择,在PETIT和PETIT2临床试验中6岁以上患者的起始剂量为50 mg/d,1~6岁患者为25 mg/d[11]–[12]。因东亚裔患者比高加索人种相同剂量下血浆艾曲泊帕的浓度要高43%[13],因此Kim等[8]建议≥6岁东亚裔儿童的起始剂量为25 mg/d,1~5岁儿童为12.5 mg/d。本组病例艾曲泊帕的中位起始剂量为25.0(12.5~50.0)mg/d,18例起始剂量为25 mg/d的患者中仅4例治疗有效,而在14例有效患者中7例起效剂量为50 mg/d。为观察不同年龄阶段的疗效差别,我们将患者分为1~6岁、7~12岁、13~17岁三组,总有效率分别为33.33%(2/6)、60.00%(6/10)、85.71%(6/7),大多数6岁以下儿童的最大剂量低于75 mg/d,考虑可能存在治疗剂量不足影响低龄组的疗效,同时不除外不同年龄段的ITP患者发病机制存在不同导致艾曲泊帕的疗效差异,这需要进一步探讨验证。 本研究结果初步显示,对于儿童ITP,艾曲泊帕是一个有效、可靠的二线治疗选择,其长期应用的耐受性、安全性均良好,但大多数患者在停药后维持疗效短暂。本研究样本量较小,对于艾曲泊帕治疗中国儿童ITP的初始推荐剂量、不同年龄组的疗效差异及影响艾曲泊帕疗效的可能因素尚需继续研究。
  11 in total

Review 1.  The American Society of Hematology 2011 evidence-based practice guideline for immune thrombocytopenia.

Authors:  Cindy Neunert; Wendy Lim; Mark Crowther; Alan Cohen; Lawrence Solberg; Mark A Crowther
Journal:  Blood       Date:  2011-02-16       Impact factor: 22.113

Review 2.  Eltrombopag: A Review in Paediatric Chronic Immune Thrombocytopenia.

Authors:  Celeste B Burness; Gillian M Keating; Karly P Garnock-Jones
Journal:  Drugs       Date:  2016-05       Impact factor: 9.546

3.  Selective validation of the WHO Bleeding Scale in patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenia.

Authors:  Patrick F Fogarty; Michael D Tarantino; Andres Brainsky; James Signorovitch; Kelly M Grotzinger
Journal:  Curr Med Res Opin       Date:  2011-12-20       Impact factor: 2.580

4.  Eltrombopag for the treatment of children with persistent and chronic immune thrombocytopenia (PETIT): a randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled study.

Authors:  James B Bussel; Purificación Garcia de Miguel; Jenny M Despotovic; John D Grainger; Julián Sevilla; Victor S Blanchette; Lakshmanan Krishnamurti; Philip Connor; Michèle David; Koh B Boayue; Dana C Matthews; Michele P Lambert; Lisa M Marcello; Malini Iyengar; Geoffrey W Chan; Karen D Chagin; Dickens Theodore; Christine K Bailey; Kalpana K Bakshi
Journal:  Lancet Haematol       Date:  2015-07-28       Impact factor: 18.959

Review 5.  New thrombopoietic growth factors.

Authors:  David J Kuter
Journal:  Blood       Date:  2007-02-08       Impact factor: 22.113

6.  Thrombopoietin Receptor Agonist Use in Children: Data From the Pediatric ITP Consortium of North America ICON2 Study.

Authors:  Cindy Neunert; Jenny Despotovic; Kristina Haley; Michele P Lambert; Kerri Nottage; Kristin Shimano; Carolyn Bennett; Robert Klaassen; Kimo Stine; Alexis Thompson; Yves Pastore; Travis Brown; Peter W Forbes; Rachael F Grace
Journal:  Pediatr Blood Cancer       Date:  2016-05-02       Impact factor: 3.167

7.  The temporary use of thrombopoietin-receptor agonists may induce a prolonged remission in adult chronic immune thrombocytopenia. Results of a French observational study.

Authors:  Matthieu Mahévas; Olivier Fain; Mikael Ebbo; Françoise Roudot-Thoraval; Nicolas Limal; Mehdi Khellaf; Nicolas Schleinitz; Philippe Bierling; Laeticia Languille; Bertrand Godeau; Marc Michel
Journal:  Br J Haematol       Date:  2014-04-12       Impact factor: 6.998

8.  Eltrombopag for children with chronic immune thrombocytopenia (PETIT2): a randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled trial.

Authors:  John D Grainger; Franco Locatelli; Thirachit Chotsampancharoen; Elena Donyush; Bunchoo Pongtanakul; Patcharee Komvilaisak; Darintr Sosothikul; Guillermo Drelichman; Nongnuch Sirachainan; Susanne Holzhauer; Vladimir Lebedev; Richard Lemons; Dagmar Pospisilova; Ugo Ramenghi; James B Bussel; Kalpana K Bakshi; Malini Iyengar; Geoffrey W Chan; Karen D Chagin; Dickens Theodore; Lisa M Marcello; Christine K Bailey
Journal:  Lancet       Date:  2015-07-28       Impact factor: 79.321

9.  A prospective comparative study of 2540 infants and children with newly diagnosed idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) from the Intercontinental Childhood ITP Study Group.

Authors:  Thomas Kühne; George R Buchanan; Sherri Zimmerman; Lisa A Michaels; Regina Kohan; Willi Berchtold; Paul Imbach
Journal:  J Pediatr       Date:  2003-11       Impact factor: 4.406

10.  [Consensus of Chinese experts on diagnosis and treatment of adult primary immune thrombocytopenia (version 2016)].

Authors: 
Journal:  Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi       Date:  2016-02
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  1 in total

1.  Spotlight on eltrombopag in pediatric ITP in China: a long-term observational study in real-world practice.

Authors:  Xiaoling Cheng; LingLing Fu; Jingyao Ma; Hao Gu; Zhenping Chen; Libo Zhao; Xiaoling Wang; Runhui Wu
Journal:  Blood Adv       Date:  2021-10-12
  1 in total

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