Literature DB >> 32023734

[A clinical study of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in 23 patients with early T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia].

Y X Zhu1, M Q Zhu1, H P Dai1, S N Liu1, J Yin1, Z Li1, Q Y Cui1, X M Zhu1, D P Wu1, X W Tang1.   

Abstract

Objective: Early T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ETP-ALL) is a recently recognized high-risk T lymphoblastic leukemia subgroup. The optimal therapeutic approaches to adult patients with ETP-ALL are poorly characterized. In this study, we explore the efficacy and outcome of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) for ETP-ALL.
Methods: The clinical data of 23 patients with ETP-ALL receiving allo-HSCT from 2010 to 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients with ETP-ALL were diagnosed based on the characteristic immunophenotypes. Second-generation sequencing was done in all patients. As to the donors, 12 patients had haploidentical donors (Haplo-HSCT) , 7 HLA-matched sibling donors (Sib-HSCT) and 4 HLA-matched unrelated donors (URD-HSCT) . Before transplantation, 19 patients achieved complete remission (CR) and 4 patients without.
Results: The main clinical features of ETP-ALL included high white blood cell counts in 5 patients, splenomegaly in 14, lymphadenopathy in 19, and thymus masses in 5. According to cytogenetic and molecular characteristics, 11 patients had gene mutations related to myeloid tumors, and 7 with high risk Karyotype. After first induction regimen, 14/23 patients achieved CR. 5 patients reached CR after more than 2 cycles of chemotherapy, while another 4 patients did not reach CR. After allo-HSCT, 22 patients were successfully implanted. The median time of granulocyte and platelet reconstitution was +12 and +19 days. One patient died of transplant-related infection at +14 days. The estimated 18-month overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS) rates were (55.0±14.4) % and (48.1±14.7) % respectively. Transplant-related mortality was 4.3%. The median OS in patients achieving CR before transplantation was 20 months, however, that in patients without CR was only 13 months. OS and RFS between haplo-HSCT and sib-HSCT were comparable (P=0.460 and 0.420 respectively) . Conclusions: Allo-HSCT is an effective therapy in some patients with ETP-ALL. Salvage HSCT cannot overcome the poor outcome. Haplo-HSCT and sib-HSCT in ETP-ALL patients have the similar clinical outcome.

Entities:  

Keywords:  Early T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia; Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; Prognosis

Mesh:

Year:  2019        PMID: 32023734      PMCID: PMC7342676          DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2019.12.010

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi        ISSN: 0253-2727


急性T淋巴细胞白血病(T-ALL)按免疫表型可分为早期型、胸腺型、成熟型。急性早前T淋巴细胞白血病(ETP-ALL)是T-ALL中极度高危的一种新亚型,占儿童T-ALL的12%~13%[1]及成人T-ALL的17%~22%[2]。与成熟T-ALL相比,ETP-ALL恶性程度高,治疗效果差,预后极其不良[3]–[4]。ETP细胞的免疫表型更接近于骨髓干细胞,通常不表达CD1a、CD8,不表达或微表达CD5,同时表达至少1种干细胞或髓细胞抗原(CD13CD33CD34、CD117、HLA-DR等)[1],[5]。ETP-ALL患者的基因突变形式复杂,容易出现多重突变,甚至髓系白血病相关的基因突变(DNMT3A、FLT3RUNX1等)[6]。同时,ETP-ALL患者的染色体不稳定性明显增加[1]。ETP-ALL患者接受经典化疗的10年总生存(OS)率低于20%[1],而5年OS率低于40%[7]–[9]。以往研究显示异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)可能会改善ETP-ALL的预后[2],[9]。本研究中,我们回顾性分析在我中心接受allo-HSCT治疗的ETP-ALL患者,评价allo-HSCT治疗ETP-ALL的疗效并探讨移植方式对其预后的影响。

病例与方法

1.病例:以2010年至2018年在我科接受allo-HSCT的23例ETP-ALL患者为研究对象。诊断符合WHO的诊断标准,其中22例发病时骨髓或外周血原始细胞>20%,1例发病时骨髓未见原始细胞,依靠淋巴结活检病理以及胸水中发现的ALL细胞进行免疫表型分析诊断为急性早前T细胞性淋巴瘤(ETP-LBL),随后患者疾病进展,复查骨髓象示原始细胞>20%。ETP-ALL的诊段通过流式细胞术免疫表型确诊,标本来源于骨髓、外周血或髓外浸润组织,诊断标准为不表达CD1a、CD4CD8CD5微弱或阴性,伴1个或多个髓系或干细胞相关的抗原表达(CD13CD33CD34、CD117、HLA-DR等)[1]。 2.移植方案:均为外周血造血干细胞移植,同胞全相合移植7例,单倍型移植12例,无关供者全相合移植4例。14例患者移植前处于第1次完全缓解(CR1)状态,5例处于CR2状态;4例未获得CR患者接受挽救性allo-HSCT。预处理方案:4例患者采用改良全身照射+环磷酰胺(TBI+CY)方案:司莫司汀250 mg·m−2·d−1+羟基脲40 mg/kg每12 h 1次,−8 d;TBI全身8 Gy、肺7 Gy,−7 d;阿糖胞苷2 g·m−2·d−1,−6~−5 d;环磷酰胺60 mg·kg−1·d−1,−4~−3 d。19例患者采用改良BU/CY方案:以白消安取代TBI(1 mg/kg每6 h 1次口服或0.8 mg/kg每6 h 1次静脉滴注,−7~−5 d);其余不变。急性GVHD(aGVHD)预防:同胞全相合移植应用环孢素A(3 mg·kg−1·d−1)联合短程甲氨蝶呤(15 mg/m2,+1 d;10 mg·m−2·d−1,+3、+6、+11 d),单倍型移植和无关供者全相合移植在此基础上加用兔抗人胸腺细胞球蛋白(ATG)(2.5 mg·kg−1·d−1,−5~−2 d)联合霉酚酸酯(0.5 g每12 h 1次)预防aGVHD。应用肝素、前列腺素E1预防肝静脉闭塞病(HVOD),常规预防细菌、真菌、巨细胞病毒(CMV)及卡氏肺孢子虫感染。 3.随访及统计学处理:随访至2018年10月,移植后中位随访11(1~33)个月,无失访病例。每2周检测血常规、每1~3个月检测骨髓象以及微小残留病(MRD)等。主要随访指标为疗效及生存情况。应用SPSS 22.0软件进行统计分析,采用Kaplan-Meier法绘制生存曲线。OS时间为移植后到随访截止日期或患者死亡的时间,移植后无复发生存(RFS)时间为患者移植后至疾病复发、随访截止或死亡的时间。

结果

1.临床特征:23例ETP-ALL患者中,男18例,女5例,中位年龄26(12~47)岁。初诊时中位WBC为65.2(2.6~263.0)×109/L、中位PLT为115(31~314)×109/L、中位HGB为112(41~172)g/L,5例患者初诊时WBC>100×109/L。20例患者有LDH检测资料,中位LDH 829(173~5 899)U/L;中位骨髓原始细胞比例为72%(25%~97%)。23例患者中,14例(60.9%)合并脾大,19例(82.6%)合并外周淋巴结肿大,5例(21.7%)合并胸腺受累。染色体核型:正常核型16例、复杂核型5例、t(11;14)与Inv(9)各1例。诊断至移植的中位时间为4(2~9)个月,所有患者确诊后均接受诱导化疗,包括Hyper-CVAD(A方案:环磷酰胺+长春新碱/长春地辛+表柔比星+地塞米松;B方案:甲氨蝶呤+阿糖胞苷)、IVP或IVP联合环磷酰胺/阿糖胞苷(柔红霉素+长春新碱/长春地辛+泼尼松+环磷酰胺+阿糖胞苷)、CAG预激方案(阿糖胞苷+G-CSF+阿克拉霉素)等,19例患者化疗后获得CR,其中1个疗程达CR者14例,≥2个疗程后获得CR者5例;4例患者未获得CR。获得CR的患者中6例复发,其中5例骨髓复发,1例髓外(淋巴结)复发。20例患者行二代测序检测54种白血病相关基因突变情况,结果见图1,突变比例最高的基因是NOTCH1(65%,13例),其次是JAK3(30%,6例)。不伴基因突变者4例,伴1个基因突变者7例(5例为NOTCH1基因突变),伴2个及以上基因突变者9例,其中1例伴6个基因突变。11例(55%)患者伴髓系突变。
图1

20例急性早前T淋巴细胞白血病患者白血病相关基因突变情况(红色为对应基因突变阳性,蓝色为伴有髓系突变)

2.治疗结果:23例患者中,22例获得完全植入,中性粒细胞植入(ANC>0.5×109/L连续3 d)和血小板植入(PLT>20×109/L连续7 d且未输注血小板)的中位时间分别为12(9~14)d和19(10~85)d。1例+13 d死于肺部感染,移植相关死亡率为4.3%。3例患者出现Ⅱ~Ⅳ级aGVHD,4例合并慢性GVHD(cGVHD),为口干、眼干、皮肤粗糙等局限型cGVHD表现。10例患者在移植期间出现中重度黏膜炎,1例出现HVOD合并肝肾功能不全,1例发生药物性癫痫。移植后8例患者发生感染,7例为细菌感染,1例为细菌合并真菌(阿萨希毛孢子菌)感染。 移植前处于CR状态的19例患者,移植后中位随访11(1~33)个月,18个月OS率为(55.0±14.4)%,18个月RFS率为(48.1±14.7)%。其中14例移植前处于CR1状态的患者18个月OS率为(69.6±15.6)%,18个月RFS率为(56.7±17.6)%,而5例移植前处于CR2状态患者18个月OS率为(26.7±22.6)%,18个月RFS率为(30.0±23.9)%(图2)。
图2

移植前处于第1次完全缓解(CR1)及CR2状态的急性早前T淋巴细胞白血病患者移植后总生存(A)及无复发生存(B)曲线

3.ETP-ALL患者挽救性移植的预后:4例未获CR患者接受了挽救性移植,移植后全部获得CR,3例患者再次复发,移植至复发时间分别为6、11及6个月,OS时间分别为17、19及16个月。1例患者移植后随访7个月,目前仍处于无复发生存状态。移植前获CR患者与移植前未获CR患者生存曲线见图3,中位OS时间分别为20(95%CI 14~26)个月、13(95%CI 10~16)个月(P=0.054)。
图3

移植前获与未获完全缓解(CR)的急性早前T淋巴细胞白血病患者移植后总生存曲线比较

4.单倍型移植与同胞全相合移植结果比较:在所有19例移植前获得CR的患者中,12例患者进行单倍型移植,5例进行同胞全相合移植。在12例单倍型移植中,2例发生Ⅱ~Ⅳ度aGVHD,5例伴中重度黏膜炎,5例合并感染;5例同胞全相合移植患者移植后未发生Ⅱ~Ⅳ度aGVHD,2例伴中重度黏膜炎,2例合并感染(其中1例于+13 d死于肺部感染),1例发生HVOD合并肝肾功能不全。两组生存曲线见图4,单倍型移植与同胞全相合移植中位OS时间分别为14(95%CI 0~33)个月、未达到(P=0.460),中位RFS时间均未达到(P=0.420)。
图4

单倍型移植与同胞全相合移植治疗急性早前T淋巴细胞白血病患者移植后总生存(A)与无复发生存(B)曲线比较

讨论

相较于更成熟的T-ALL而言,ETP-ALL更容易伴随高肿瘤增生状态以及不良的遗传学改变[1],[6],[11],本组资料也提示ETP-ALL患者容易合并高WBC、髓外病变、髓系基因突变以及不良预后核型,导致ETP-ALL预后恶劣。二代测序显示本组ETP-ALL患者中出现了调节细胞因子受体以及RAS信号的基因突变(NRAS、KRAS、JAK3、JAK1、SH2B3)和抑制造血功能的基因突变(ETV6RUNX1)等,这些基因突变常见于髓系肿瘤。Zhang等[6]发现ETP-ALL患者DNM2ECT2L及RELN基因突变发生率明显高于其他T-ALL患者,这可能也是ETP-ALL容易复发的原因之一。 T-ALL作为T淋巴细胞的恶性增殖性肿瘤,在所有急性白血病中预后较差,而ETP-ALL作为T-ALL的一种不成熟的亚型,具有干细胞以及髓系细胞的相关特性,导致其诱导缓解率低,易早期复发,生存期短,预后极差。Coustan-Smith等[1]研究显示ETP-ALL患者具有较低的缓解率及较高的复发率,MRD检测示诱导治疗后ETP-ALL患者白血病细胞的清除效果不如非ETP-ALL患者,同时在该研究中,ETP-ALL患者10年OS率为19%(非ETP-ALL患者为84%),预后极差。Inukai等[10]研究了91例T-ALL患者(ETP-ALL 5例),发现ETP-ALL患者4年RFS率为40%,明显低于T-ALL患者的70%(P=0.014)。Jain等[11]报道了19例ETP-ALL/LBL患者对比92例非ETP-ALL/LBL的预后分析,化疗后ETP-ALL/LBL患者的缓解率明显低于非ETP-ALL/LBL患者(73%对91%,P=0.03),同时ETP-ALL/LBL患者的中位OS时间亦明显低于非ETP-ALL/LBL患者(20个月对未达到,P=0.008)。Bond等[9]发现在初次缓解后进行移植治疗,ETP-ALL患者5年OS率为49.2%,仍低于非ETP-ALL患者的67.4%(P=0.02);此外,经过HSCT治疗的ETP-ALL患者的预后明显好转。本研究中,大部分ETP-ALL患者在CR状态下进行allo-HSCT,目前多数患者仍处于无病生存状态,这提示allo-HSCT仍应作为ETP-ALL在获得CR1后的首选治疗。本研究我们发现allo-HSCT可能可以延长部分ETP-ALL患者OS时间,且移植前处于CR1状态患者18个月的OS及RFS率明显高于移植前处于CR2状态患者。所以我们建议患者在初次获得缓解后可以考虑尽早进行allo-HSCT,而不是等待复发后再考虑allo-HSCT治疗。同时,我们发现单倍型移植在疗效方面与同胞全相合移植相近,同时安全性也较好,这提示对于一些无同胞供者的患者,单倍型移植也可作为治疗选择之一。 本研究中,4例移植前未获CR的患者经过allo-HSCT治疗后3例出现复发并死亡,移植至复发时间最长仅为11个月,最长OS时间仅为19个月;而1例存活患者随访时间较短,仅为7个月,提示挽救性移植治疗可能无法获得长期生存。Lu等[12]体外实验证实地西他滨可以提高ETP-ALL患者的化疗敏感性。另一项研究提示EZH2的甲基转移酶增强剂可以控制早期造血和ETP-ALL的生长和生存信号,同时可以沉默干细胞以及祖细胞相关基因,提示EZH2的失活可能与ETP-ALL发生相关[13],也有研究显示GATA3的沉默导致了ETP-ALL的发生[14]。这些研究均提示了新的治疗方向或靶点,但是目前缺乏相应的临床研究。 总之,ETP-ALL是T-ALL中的一个极高危的亚型,本组资料提示allo-HSCT可能延长患者的生存时间,部分难治复发的患者仍不能从中获益。由于本研究样本量较小,研究结论可能有一定偏差。
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Review 1.  Early precursor T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: current paradigms and evolving concepts.

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