Sho Sasaki1,2,3, Toshihiko Takada3,4, Shingo Fukuma5, Miyuki Imamoto6, Takeshi Hasegawa2,3,7,8, Hiroki Nishiwaki2,8, Hidekazu Iida2,9, Shunichi Fukuhara2,3. 1. Department of Nephrology/Clinical Research Support Office, Iizuka Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan. 2. Center for Innovative Research for Communities and Clinical Excellence (CiRC2LE), Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan. 3. Department of Healthcare Epidemiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Public Health, Kyoto, Japan. 4. Department of General Medicine, Shirakawa Satellite for Teaching and Research (STAR), Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan. 5. Human Health Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan. 6. Department of Foods and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Human Life Sciences, Notre Dame Seishin University, Kurashiki, Japan. 7. Office for Promoting Medical Research, Showa University Research Administration Center (SURAC), Showa University, Tokyo, Japan. 8. Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Japan. 9. You Home Clinic Ishinomaki, Isinomaki, Japan.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Excessive salt intake is widely known to be a cause of hypertension, cardiovascular events, and so on. However, simple tools for screening excessive salt intake are lacking. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to develop a simple screening tool to identify community-dwelling adults with excessive salt intake. METHODS: The present study involved participants who received health check-ups in Fukushima, Japan, in 2016 and 2017. We defined data from the 2016 check-up as the derivation set, and data from those who received check-ups in 2017 but not 2016 as the validation set. The outcome measure was excessive salt intake, defined as the estimated daily salt intake of 1 SD or more. Candidate predictors associated with the outcome were extracted using the Delphi method by an expert panel and narrowed down with clinical expertise and stepwise backward selection. The screening tool was developed using a coefficient-based multivariable scoring method and externally validated. RESULTS: A total of 1101 participants were included in the derivation set and 249 in the validation set. At the conclusion of the deviation process, 8 predictors were selected and scored. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve for derivation and external validation were 0.70 (95% CI: 0.67, 0.74) and 0.71 (95% CI: 0.62, 0.80), respectively. The calibration slope and intercept for external validation were 1.16 and -0.03, respectively. CONCLUSION: We developed a screening tool to identify adults with excessive salt intake. By extracting groups with excessive salt intake, target populations needing intervention for salt reduction can be highlighted efficiently.
BACKGROUND: Excessive salt intake is widely known to be a cause of hypertension, cardiovascular events, and so on. However, simple tools for screening excessive salt intake are lacking. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to develop a simple screening tool to identify community-dwelling adults with excessive salt intake. METHODS: The present study involved participants who received health check-ups in Fukushima, Japan, in 2016 and 2017. We defined data from the 2016 check-up as the derivation set, and data from those who received check-ups in 2017 but not 2016 as the validation set. The outcome measure was excessive salt intake, defined as the estimated daily salt intake of 1 SD or more. Candidate predictors associated with the outcome were extracted using the Delphi method by an expert panel and narrowed down with clinical expertise and stepwise backward selection. The screening tool was developed using a coefficient-based multivariable scoring method and externally validated. RESULTS: A total of 1101 participants were included in the derivation set and 249 in the validation set. At the conclusion of the deviation process, 8 predictors were selected and scored. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve for derivation and external validation were 0.70 (95% CI: 0.67, 0.74) and 0.71 (95% CI: 0.62, 0.80), respectively. The calibration slope and intercept for external validation were 1.16 and -0.03, respectively. CONCLUSION: We developed a screening tool to identify adults with excessive salt intake. By extracting groups with excessive salt intake, target populations needing intervention for salt reduction can be highlighted efficiently.