MicroRNAs in venous thrombo-embolism.

BACKGROUND: Venous Thrombo-embolism (VTE) is the major preventable cause of death and disability worldwide. It has the third highest incidence rate of hospital death after coronary artery disease (CAD) and stroke. With the establishment of Virchow's triad stating the major factors responsible for VTE including stasis, hypercoagulability and endothelial dysfunction, the last decade reported number of studies regarding its diagnosis and prophylaxis. Till date the most commonly used clinical marker for its diagnosis is the D-dimer test, detecting endogenous fibrinolysis. This test often gives false positive results and has low specificity. Other markers of coagulation are being used in combination with D-dimer; however, a reliable and sensitive biomarker is still needed for early and accurate diagnosis of VTE. Non-coding regulatory RNAs such as MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small molecules that play a significant role in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional gene expression regulation. They can specifically bind to their target genes forming silencing complex, thereby inducing degradation and altered gene expression. A wide range of miRNAs have extensively been studied in a variety of cardiovascular diseases such as CAD, stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), atherosclerosis, obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and other complex diseases such as cancer. It has been demonstrated that circulating miRNAs have enormous potential to function as clinical diagnostic biomarkers for many diseases. This review comprehends recent studies establishing the inevitable role of miRNAs in pathogenesis of complex diseases with special emphasis on venous thrombosis. The differential expression pattern of these miRNAs shows a strong positive correlation with the manifestation of the pathological symptoms of diseases. Systematic consolidation of different miRNAs linked to VTE in various studies could be helpful in finding accurate diagnostic markers for thrombosis and may also find its place in VTE therapeutics. However, more extensive research and confirmatory experiments are needed to establish the role of these miRNAs as biomarkers.