Precision and personalized medicine and anti-TB treatment: Is TDM feasible for programmatic use?

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) is increasingly recommended to ensure the correct drug dose thereby minimizing adverse events and maximizing regimen efficacy. To facilitate implementation in TB programs, a framework for TDM is urgently needed. TDM is only useful for dose optimization if a patient is on an appropriate regimen guided by drug susceptibility testing. TDM using a targeted approach selecting patients with risk factors for suboptimal drug exposure (e.g. diabetes) or not responding to treatment for drugs with a clear concentration-response relationship may provide the best value for money. Semiquantitative point-of-care tests for detection of low or high drug concentration should be implemented at community level while quantitative assays can be performed at regional or central level. Expanding PK/PD research followed by clinical trials including both clinical outcome as well as cost-effectiveness will increase the level of evidence supporting TDM.