Kondwani-Joseph Banda1, Hsiao-Yean Chiu1, Sophia Hueylan Hu1, Hsiu-Chun Yeh1, Kuan-Chia Lin1, Hui-Chuan Huang1. 1. K.-J. Banda, H.-Y. Chiu, H.-C. Yeh, and H.-C. Huang are with the School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. K.-J.Banda is with the Endoscopy Unit, Surgery Department, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi. S.-H. Hu is with the School of Nursing, College of Nursing, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. K.-C. Lin is with the Institute of Hospital and Health Care Administration, Community Medicine Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
Abstract
CONTEXT: Evidence has shown that essential nutrients are highly correlated with the occurrence of esophageal cancer (EC). However, findings from observational studies on the associations between dietary carbohydrate, salt consumption, and the risk of EC remain controversial. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to confirm the associations of dietary carbohydrate and salt consumption with EC risk. DATA SOURCE: Various electronic databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, Chinese Electronic Periodical Services, and China Knowledge Resource Integrated) were searched up until January 31, 2019. DATA EXTRACTION: Data related to patient characteristics and study characteristics were extracted by 2 independent reviewers. The risk ratio reported as relative risk (RR) or odds ratio (OR) was extracted, and random-effects models were performed to estimate the summary risk ratio. RESULTS: In total, 26 studies were included in this analysis, of which 12 studies, including 11 case-control studies and 1 cohort study, examined dietary carbohydrates, and 18 studies, including 16 case-control studies and 2 cohort studies, examined dietary salt. The pooled OR showed that dietary carbohydrate intake was inversely related to EC risk (OR = 0.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.50-0.77), but positive correlations between dietary salt intake and the risk of EC were supported by the recruited case-control studies (OR = 1.97; 95% CI, 1.50-2.61) and cohort studies (RR = 1.04; 95% CI, 1.00-1.08). CONCLUSIONS: Salt is an essential nutrient for body functions and biochemical processes. Providing health education and management regarding proper use of salt in daily foods and labeling the amount of sodium in manufactured products to reduce the risk of developing EC should be more appropriately performed in the general population.
CONTEXT: Evidence has shown that essential nutrients are highly correlated with the occurrence of esophageal cancer (EC). However, findings from observational studies on the associations between dietary carbohydrate, salt consumption, and the risk of EC remain controversial. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to confirm the associations of dietary carbohydrate and salt consumption with EC risk. DATA SOURCE: Various electronic databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, Chinese Electronic Periodical Services, and China Knowledge Resource Integrated) were searched up until January 31, 2019. DATA EXTRACTION: Data related to patient characteristics and study characteristics were extracted by 2 independent reviewers. The risk ratio reported as relative risk (RR) or odds ratio (OR) was extracted, and random-effects models were performed to estimate the summary risk ratio. RESULTS: In total, 26 studies were included in this analysis, of which 12 studies, including 11 case-control studies and 1 cohort study, examined dietary carbohydrates, and 18 studies, including 16 case-control studies and 2 cohort studies, examined dietary salt. The pooled OR showed that dietary carbohydrate intake was inversely related to EC risk (OR = 0.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.50-0.77), but positive correlations between dietary salt intake and the risk of EC were supported by the recruited case-control studies (OR = 1.97; 95% CI, 1.50-2.61) and cohort studies (RR = 1.04; 95% CI, 1.00-1.08). CONCLUSIONS: Salt is an essential nutrient for body functions and biochemical processes. Providing health education and management regarding proper use of salt in daily foods and labeling the amount of sodium in manufactured products to reduce the risk of developing EC should be more appropriately performed in the general population.
Authors: Arash Etemadi; Ian D Buller; Maryam Hashemian; Gholamreza Roshandel; Hossein Poustchi; Maria Morel Espinosa; Benjamin C Blount; Christine M Pfeiffer; Behnam Keshavarzi; Abigail R Flory; Siavosh Nasseri-Moghaddam; Sanford M Dawsey; Neal D Freedman; Christian C Abnet; Reza Malekzadeh; Mary H Ward Journal: Environ Res Date: 2022-07-19 Impact factor: 8.431