Chitrangda Srivastava1,2, Khushboo Irshad1, Yakhlesh Gupta1, Chitra Sarkar3, Ashish Suri4, Parthaprasad Chattopadhyay1, Subrata Sinha1, Kunzang Chosdol5. 1. Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, -110029, New Delhi, India. 2. Present address: Cell Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, 27709, USA. 3. Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. 4. Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. 5. Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, -110029, New Delhi, India. kunzangchosdol@yahoo.com.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Overexpression of FAT1 gene and its oncogenic effects have been reported in several cancers. Previously, we have documented upregulation of FAT1 gene in glioblastoma (GBM) tumors which was found to increase the expression of proinflammatory markers, HIF-1α, stemness genes and EMT markers in glioma cells. Here, we reveal NFкB (RelA)/RelA/p65 as the transcriptional regulator of FAT1 gene in GBM cells. METHODS: In-silico analysis of FAT1 gene promoter was performed using online bioinformatics tool Promo alggen (Transfac 8.3) to identify putative transcription factor(s) binding motifs. A 4.0 kb FAT1 promoter (- 3220 bp to + 848 bp w.r.t. TSS + 1) was cloned into promoter less pGL3Basic reporter vector. Characterization of FAT1 promoter for transcriptional regulation was performed by in-vitro functional assays using promoter deletion constructs, site directed mutagenesis and ChIP in GBM cells. RESULTS: Expression levels of NFкB (RelA) and FAT1 were found to be increased and positively correlated in GBM tumors (n = 16), REMBRANDT GBM-database (n = 214) and TCGA GBM-database (n = 153). In addition to glioma, positive correlation between NFкB (RelA) and FAT1 expression was also observed in other tumors like pancreatic, hepatocellular, lung and stomach cancers (data extracted from TCGA tumor data). A 4.0 kb FAT1-promoter-construct [- 3220 bp/+ 848 bp, transcription start site (TSS) + 1, having 17 NFкB (RelA) motifs] showed high FAT1 promoter luciferase-activity in GBM cells (U87MG/A172/U373MG). FAT1 promoter deletion-construct pGL3F1 [- 200 bp/+ 848 bp, with 3-NFкB (RelA)-motifs] showed the highest promoter activity. Exposure of GBM cells to known NFкB (RelA)-activators [severe-hypoxia/TNF-α/ectopic-NFкB (RelA) + IKBK vectors] led to increased pGL3F1-promoter activity and increased endogenous-FAT1 expression. Conversely, siRNA-mediated NFкB (RelA) knockdown led to decreased pGL3F1-promoter activity and decreased endogenous-FAT1 expression. Deletion of NFкB (RelA)-motif at - 90 bp/- 80 bp [pGL3F1δ1-construct] showed significant decrease in promoter activity. Site directed mutagenesis at -90 bp/- 80 bp and ChIP assay for endogenous-NFкB (RelA) confirmed the importance of this motif in FAT1 expression regulation. Significant reduction in the migration, invasion as well as colony forming capacity of the U87MG glioma cells was observed on siRNA-mediated knockdown of NFкB (RelA). CONCLUSION: Since FAT1 and NFкB (RelA) are independently known to promote pro-tumorigenic inflammation and upregulate the expression of HIF-1α/EMT/stemness in tumors, targeting the NFкB (RelA)-FAT1 axis may attenuate an important tumor-promoting pathway in GBM. This may also be applicable to other tumors.
BACKGROUND: Overexpression of FAT1 gene and its oncogenic effects have been reported in several cancers. Previously, we have documented upregulation of FAT1 gene in glioblastoma (GBM) tumors which was found to increase the expression of proinflammatory markers, HIF-1α, stemness genes and EMT markers in glioma cells. Here, we reveal NFкB (RelA)/RelA/p65 as the transcriptional regulator of FAT1 gene in GBM cells. METHODS: In-silico analysis of FAT1 gene promoter was performed using online bioinformatics tool Promo alggen (Transfac 8.3) to identify putative transcription factor(s) binding motifs. A 4.0 kb FAT1 promoter (- 3220 bp to + 848 bp w.r.t. TSS + 1) was cloned into promoter less pGL3Basic reporter vector. Characterization of FAT1 promoter for transcriptional regulation was performed by in-vitro functional assays using promoter deletion constructs, site directed mutagenesis and ChIP in GBM cells. RESULTS:Expression levels of NFкB (RelA) and FAT1 were found to be increased and positively correlated in GBM tumors (n = 16), REMBRANDT GBM-database (n = 214) and TCGA GBM-database (n = 153). In addition to glioma, positive correlation between NFкB (RelA) and FAT1expression was also observed in other tumors like pancreatic, hepatocellular, lung and stomach cancers (data extracted from TCGA tumor data). A 4.0 kb FAT1-promoter-construct [- 3220 bp/+ 848 bp, transcription start site (TSS) + 1, having 17 NFкB (RelA) motifs] showed high FAT1 promoter luciferase-activity in GBM cells (U87MG/A172/U373MG). FAT1 promoter deletion-construct pGL3F1 [- 200 bp/+ 848 bp, with 3-NFкB (RelA)-motifs] showed the highest promoter activity. Exposure of GBM cells to known NFкB (RelA)-activators [severe-hypoxia/TNF-α/ectopic-NFкB (RelA) + IKBK vectors] led to increased pGL3F1-promoter activity and increased endogenous-FAT1expression. Conversely, siRNA-mediated NFкB (RelA) knockdown led to decreased pGL3F1-promoter activity and decreased endogenous-FAT1expression. Deletion of NFкB (RelA)-motif at - 90 bp/- 80 bp [pGL3F1δ1-construct] showed significant decrease in promoter activity. Site directed mutagenesis at -90 bp/- 80 bp and ChIP assay for endogenous-NFкB (RelA) confirmed the importance of this motif in FAT1expression regulation. Significant reduction in the migration, invasion as well as colony forming capacity of the U87MGglioma cells was observed on siRNA-mediated knockdown of NFкB (RelA). CONCLUSION: Since FAT1 and NFкB (RelA) are independently known to promote pro-tumorigenic inflammation and upregulate the expression of HIF-1α/EMT/stemness in tumors, targeting the NFкB (RelA)-FAT1 axis may attenuate an important tumor-promoting pathway in GBM. This may also be applicable to other tumors.