Chi-Yuan Hsu1,2, Vernon M Chinchilli3, Steven Coca4, Prasad Devarajan5, Nasrollah Ghahramani6, Alan S Go1,2, Raymond K Hsu1, T Alp Ikizler7, James Kaufman8, Kathleen D Liu1, Chirag R Parikh9, W Brian Reeves10, Mark Wurfel11, Michael Zappitelli12, Paul L Kimmel13, Edward D Siew7,14. 1. Division of Nephrology, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, San Francisco. 2. Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California. 3. Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey. 4. Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York. 5. Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio. 6. Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey. 7. Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. 8. Renal Section, Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Health Care System, New York University School of Medicine, New York. 9. Division of Nephrology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. 10. University of Texas, Long School of Medicine, San Antonio. 11. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle. 12. Hospital for Sick Children, Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 13. Division of Kidney, Urologic, and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. 14. Tennessee Valley Health Services, Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee.
Abstract
Importance: Among patients who had acute kidney injury (AKI) during hospitalization, there is a need to improve risk prediction such that those at highest risk for subsequent loss of kidney function are identified for appropriate follow-up. Objective: To evaluate the association of post-AKI proteinuria with increased risk of future loss of renal function. Design, Setting, and Participants: The Assessment, Serial Evaluation, and Subsequent Sequelae in Acute Kidney Injury (ASSESS-AKI) Study was a multicenter prospective cohort study including 4 clinical centers in North America included 1538 patients enrolled 3 months after hospital discharge between December 2009 and February 2015. Exposures: Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) quantified 3 months after hospital discharge. Main Outcomes and Measures: Kidney disease progression defined as halving of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) or end-stage renal disease. Results: Of the 1538 participants, 769 (50%) had AKI durring hospitalization. The baseline study visit took place at a mean (SD) 91 (23) days after discharge. The mean (SD) age was 65 (13) years; the median eGFR was 68 mL/min/1.73 m2; and the median urine ACR was 15 mg/g. Overall, 547 (37%) study participants were women and 195 (13%) were black. After a median follow-up of 4.7 years, 138 (9%) participants had kidney disease progression. Higher post-AKI urine ACR level was associated with increased risk of kidney disease progression (hazard ratio [HR], 1.53 for each doubling; 95% CI, 1.45-1.62), and urine ACR measurement was a strong discriminator for future kidney disease progression (C statistic, 0.82). The performance of urine ACR was stronger in patients who had had AKI than in those who had not (C statistic, 0.70). A comprehensive model of clinical risk factors (eGFR, blood pressure, and demographics) including ACR provided better discrimination for predicting kidney disease progression after hospital discharge among those who had had AKI (C statistic, 0.85) vs those who had not (C statistic, 0.76). In the entire matched cohort, after taking into account urine ACR, eGFR, demographics, and traditional chronic kidney risk factors determined 3 months after discharge, AKI (HR, 1.46; 95% CI, 0.51-4.13 for AKI vs non-AKI) or severity of AKI (HR, 1.54; 95% CI, 0.50-4.72 for AKI stage 1 vs non-AKI; HR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.07-4.84 for AKI stage 2 vs non-AKI; HR, 2.24; 95% CI, 0.33-15.29 for AKI stage 3 vs non-AKI) was not independently associated with more rapid kidney disease progression. Conclusions and Relevance: Proteinuria level is a valuable risk-stratification tool in the post-AKI period. These results suggest there should be more widespread and routine quantification of proteinuria after hospitalized AKI.
Importance: Among patients who had acute kidney injury (AKI) during hospitalization, there is a need to improve risk prediction such that those at highest risk for subsequent loss of kidney function are identified for appropriate follow-up. Objective: To evaluate the association of post-AKIproteinuria with increased risk of future loss of renal function. Design, Setting, and Participants: The Assessment, Serial Evaluation, and Subsequent Sequelae in Acute Kidney Injury (ASSESS-AKI) Study was a multicenter prospective cohort study including 4 clinical centers in North America included 1538 patients enrolled 3 months after hospital discharge between December 2009 and February 2015. Exposures: Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) quantified 3 months after hospital discharge. Main Outcomes and Measures: Kidney disease progression defined as halving of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) or end-stage renal disease. Results: Of the 1538 participants, 769 (50%) had AKI durring hospitalization. The baseline study visit took place at a mean (SD) 91 (23) days after discharge. The mean (SD) age was 65 (13) years; the median eGFR was 68 mL/min/1.73 m2; and the median urine ACR was 15 mg/g. Overall, 547 (37%) study participants were women and 195 (13%) were black. After a median follow-up of 4.7 years, 138 (9%) participants had kidney disease progression. Higher post-AKI urine ACR level was associated with increased risk of kidney disease progression (hazard ratio [HR], 1.53 for each doubling; 95% CI, 1.45-1.62), and urine ACR measurement was a strong discriminator for future kidney disease progression (C statistic, 0.82). The performance of urine ACR was stronger in patients who had had AKI than in those who had not (C statistic, 0.70). A comprehensive model of clinical risk factors (eGFR, blood pressure, and demographics) including ACR provided better discrimination for predicting kidney disease progression after hospital discharge among those who had had AKI (C statistic, 0.85) vs those who had not (C statistic, 0.76). In the entire matched cohort, after taking into account urine ACR, eGFR, demographics, and traditional chronic kidney risk factors determined 3 months after discharge, AKI (HR, 1.46; 95% CI, 0.51-4.13 for AKI vs non-AKI) or severity of AKI (HR, 1.54; 95% CI, 0.50-4.72 for AKI stage 1 vs non-AKI; HR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.07-4.84 for AKI stage 2 vs non-AKI; HR, 2.24; 95% CI, 0.33-15.29 for AKI stage 3 vs non-AKI) was not independently associated with more rapid kidney disease progression. Conclusions and Relevance: Proteinuria level is a valuable risk-stratification tool in the post-AKI period. These results suggest there should be more widespread and routine quantification of proteinuria after hospitalized AKI.
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