Status of pesticide residues in water, sediment, and fishes of Chilika Lake, India.

Chilika Lake is the largest coastal lagoon in Asia and the second largest in the world covering an area of 1100 km2 and spread over three districts of Odisha state of India. It is the first Indian wetland designated as a wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention in 1981. The lake ecosystem sustains large and diversified resources of plants and animals including fisheries. Pollution of the ecosystem caused by residues of pesticides originating from different sources was assessed through multiple sampling from 2012 to 2016 from three potential sites of contamination, viz., Palur Bridge, Daya River Estuary, and Makara River. Incidence of organochlorinated (OC) pesticide residues was noticed in about 25% water samples. HCH (α, γ&δ), DDD (op|), DDE (op|&pp.|) and heptachlor were the OCs detected in concentration varying from 0.025 to 23.4 μg/l. None of the eight targeted synthetic pyrethroid (SP) pesticides was found in water, but among the organophosphates (OP), chlorpyrifos (0.019-2.73 μg/l), and dichlorvos (0.647 μg/l) were recorded. In sediment samples, residues of OC or OP pesticides were not present, but one SP pesticide was recorded. Fish samples were contaminated to the extent of 55%, mostly with residues of OCs and OPs and less with SPs. However, their concentrations were below the permissible limit, so there was no direct threat of health hazards to humans.