Pollution evaluation, spatial distribution, and source apportionment of trace metals around coal mines soil: the case study of eastern India.

The degradation of land by trace metals contamination around coal mining areas is a serious environmental issue, and therefore, it is necessary to have detailed information about the pollution caused by them and their sources. The objective of the work was to study the impact of trace metals (e.g., Cd, Co, Ni, Cr, Zn, Pb, and Cu) on the soil of Jharia coalfield to analyze their sources, contamination level, and their spatial distribution. The present values of the trace metals were compared by their natural background values which were then analyzed on the scale of the Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI) and by Improved Nemerow Index (Lnm). The results of spatial distribution revealed that the majority of the soil in Jharia coalfield is moderately contaminated, a small portion of it is slightly contaminated, and altogether at moderate ecological risk due to trace metals. Multivariate statistical techniques including Principal component analysis, Cluster analysis, and Pearson's correlation evaluated that Cu, Ni, Zn, Co, and Cr in the soil samples had the same source which is coal mining; Pb and Cd were from multiple sources. The spatial distribution maps of trace metals present in the soil of Jharia coalfield were generated using Radial basis function an interpolation method.