3-(6-Phenylimidazo [2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl)-1H-Indole Derivatives as New Anticancer Agents in the Treatment of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma.

A new series of imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole derivatives was efficiently synthesized and screened for their in vitro antiproliferative activity on a panel of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells, including SUIT-2, Capan-1 and Panc-1. Compounds 9c and 9l, showed relevant in vitro antiproliferative activity on all three pre-clinical models with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) ranging from 5.11 to 10.8 µM, while the compounds 9e and 9n were active in at least one cell line. In addition, compound 9c significantly inhibited the migration rate of SUIT-2 and Capan-1 cells in the scratch wound-healing assay. In conclusion, our results will support further studies to increase the library of imidazo [2,1-b][1,3,4] thiadiazole derivatives for deeper understanding of the relationship between biological activity of the compounds and their structures in the development of new antitumor compounds against pancreatic diseases.

1. Introduction

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (n class="Disease">PDAC) is a fatal disease with an increased incidence also in young adults and a mortality/incidence ratio around 98% [1,2]; therefore new therapeutic strategies to counteract this malignancy are urgently needed.

[1,3,4]Thiadiazole, both uncondensed or annealed to other heterocyclic moieties, particularly with an imidazole ring, has been recognized as a valuable scaffold for the development of pharmacologically active derivatives as it is present in many molecules with biological properties including anti-inflammatory [3], anti-Alzheimer’s disease [4], anti-leishmanial [5], antioxidant [6], antitubercular [7], anticonvulsant [8], antibacterial and antibiofilm [9,10,11]. In particular, this ring system showed interesting antitumor activity with different mechanisms of action [12,13,14].

Among the imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole derivatives endowed with antiproliferative properties, the n class="Chemical">2,6-disubstituted and the 2,5,6-trisubstituted showed the most interesting activity. Romagnoli et al. reported a series of 2-substituted-6-[m-(α-bromoacryloylamido)phenyl]imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles 1 (Figure 1) with remarkable antiproliferative activity against murine leukaemia (L1210), murine mammary carcinoma (FM3A), human T-lymphocyte leukaemia (CEM) and human cervix carcinoma (HeLa) cells, with IC50 values in the submicromolar and nanomolar range [15]. Compound 2 (Figure 1) showed potent cytotoxic activity against the full NCI-60 cell panel eliciting GI50 values ranging from 1.4 to 4.2 µM [16]. Another representative example of imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole derivatives endowed with anticancer activity was reported by Patel and co-workers, who described the outstanding inhibitory activity (IC50 = 1.2 nM) of compound 3 (Figure 1) against transforming growth factor-β type I receptor, also known as activin receptor-like kinase 5 [17].

Figure 1

Chemical structures of the imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole compounds 1–3 and of the indole derivative 4.

Our previous studies on nitrogen heterocyclic systems with antin class="Disease">cancer properties [18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28] and the interesting antiproliferative activity described for the imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole scaffold encouraged us to continue this approach. Moreover, indole compounds were widely described for their anticancer properties. Among them, the bisindole derivative 4 was reported as a potent antitumor compound, which was able to inhibit CDK1 with an IC50 value of 0.86 µM. Therefore, on the basis of the significant antiproliferative activities described for the imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole and the indole scaffolds, we decided to synthesize and evaluate the cytotoxic activity of a new series of 3-(6-phenylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl)-1H-indole derivatives.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Chemistry

A series of new 16 imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole derivatives 9a–p was synthesized as described in Scheme 1.

Scheme 1

Synthesis of the 3-(6-phenylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl)-1H-indole derivatives 9a–p. Reagents and conditions: (i) DMF, (CH3O)2CO, K2CO3, 130 °C, 3.5 h (98%); (ii) trifluoroacetic acid, thiosemicarbazide, 60 °C, 3.5 h (98%); (iii) anhydrous ethanol, reflux, 24 h (60–81%).

The indole-3-carbonitrile 5 was prepared by the reaction of the commercially available n class="Chemical">1H-indoles with chlorosulfonyl isocyanate (CSI) in anhydrous acetonitrile under stirring at 0 °C (yield 98%) as previously described [10]. The methylation of compounds 5 with dimethyl carbonate in anhydrous DMF at 130 °C afforded the derivatives 6 (yield 98%). The key intermediates 5-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amines 7 were prepared in excellent yields (98%) by heating at 60 °C under stirring derivatives 5 or 6 with thiosemicarbazide in trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) for 3.5 h. Finally, by refluxing in anhydrous ethanol the 5-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amines 7 with the suitable α-bromoacetyl derivatives 8, the desired compounds 9 were obtained as hydrobromide salts in good yields (60–81%) (Table 1).

Table 1

Chemical structure of compounds 9a–p.

Compound	R	R1	R2	Yield (%)
9a	OCH3	H	H	80%
9b	OCH3	H	4-F	75%
9c	OCH3	H	4-NO2	73%
9d	OCH3	H	3-OCH3	78%
9e	OCH3	H	2,5-OCH3	78%
9f	OCH3	H	4-CF3	68%
9g	OCH3	CH3	H	81%
9h	OCH3	CH3	4-F	72%
9i	OCH3	CH3	3-OCH3	60%
9j	OCH3	CH3	2,5-OCH3	65%
9k	OCH3	CH3	4-CF3	67%
9l	F	H	H	72%
9m	F	H	3-OCH3	74%
9n	F	H	4-CF3	68%
9o	F	H	2,5-OCH3	76%
9p	F	CH3	4-CF3	78%

2.2. Biological Studies

2.2.1. Antiproliferative Activity of the New Imidazothiadiazole Compounds 9a–p on SUIT-2, Capan-1 and Panc-1 Pancreatic Cancer Cells

The in vitro antiproliferative activity of a new library of imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole compounds 9a–p was evaluated by n class="Gene">Sulforhodamine-B assay (SRB) on a panel of PDAC cells, including SUIT-2, Capan-1 and Panc-1. These cells have been used in a number of pharmacological studies and are representative of the typical inherent resistance of pancreatic cancer cells to most chemotherapeutic agents [29,30].

All compounds (9a–p) were initially screened at three different concentration (0.1, 1 and 16 μM) in all cell lines. The compounds 9c, 9e, 9l and 9n emerged for their ability to inhibit the growth rate in one or more cell lines. Therefore, these compounds were selected for further screening using eight different increasing concentrations (in the range between 0.125 and 16 µM) in order to evaluate the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values. Table 2 summarizes the IC50s reported as means ± SEM of three independent experiments.

Table 2

IC50s of SUIT-2, Capan-1 and Panc-1 cells treated with compounds 9a–p.

IC50 a (µM) ± SEM bCell Lines
Comp	SUIT-2	Capan-1	Panc-1
9a	>16	>16	>16
9b	>16	>16	>16
9c	5.5 ± 0.19	5.11 ± 0.29	5.18 ± 0.12
9d	>16	>16	>16
9e	>16	>16	10.26 ± 0.20
9f	>16	>16	>16
9g	>16	>16	>16
9h	>16	>16	>16
9i	>16	>16	>16
9j	>16	>16	>16
9k	>16	>16	>16
9l	10.4 ± 0.07	8.57 ± 0.51	10.8 ± 0.13
9m	>16	>16	>16
9n	11.8 ± 0.54	10.49 ±0.16	>16
9o	>16	>16	>16
9p	>16	>16	>16

a The values are reported as means ± SEM of three separated experiments. b SEM: Standard Error Mean.

The compounds 9c and 9l showed relevant antiproliferative activities in all the three preclinical in vitro models, with IC50s ranging from 5.11 to 10.8 µM. Between these two derivatives, the compound 9c induced the most relevant inhibition of cell growth, showing similar activities in SUIT-2, n class="CellLine">Capan-1 and Panc-1 cells, with IC50s of 5.5, 5.11 and 5.18 µM, respectively (Figure 2).

Figure 2

Representative growth inhibition curves of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells, SUIT-2 (red line), Capan-1 (blue line) and Panc-1 (green line) treated for 72 h with the compound 9c (A), 9e (B), 9l (C) and 9n (D). Points, mean values obtained from three independent experiments; bars, SEM.

The compound 9e was more active in Panc-1 cells, with IC50 value of 10.26 µM, whereas SUIT-2 and n class="CellLine">Capan-1 cells were resistant to the same treatment and showed IC50s > 16 µM. Conversely, the IC50 of the compound 9n was above 16 µM in Panc-1 cells, while SUIT-2 and Capan-1 cells were more sensitive, with IC50s of 11.8 and 10.49 µM, respectively.

In parallel experiments we evaluated the IC50s of the conventional antin class="Disease">cancer drugs gemcitabine and 5-fluorouracil, which were below 1 µM. These results were in agreement with previous studies [29,31]. However, because of PDAC chemoresistant nature, these drugs have very limited clinical activity, prompting studies on novel compounds.

Results highlighted that the introduction of a methyl group on the nitrogen atom of the n class="Chemical">indole moiety was detrimental for the antiproliferative activity against the three cancer cell lines, whereas, substitutions on the phenyl ring as well as the presence of a fluorine atom or a methoxy group on the indole scaffold were not relevant for the activity.

2.2.2. Compound 9c Inhibited the Migration Rate in SUIT-2, Capan-1 and Panc-1 Cells

It is well known that the poor prognosis of PDAC is caused by its early metastatic behaviour. Although many efforts have been made in the multi-omic fields to study the promoters of metastatic events and identify new drug targets, the key drivers of the metastatic properties of n class="Disease">PDAC remain unclear [32,33]. However, new therapeutic agents are needed to overcome PDAC aggressiveness and combat PDAC metastasis. Therefore, considering the metastatic nature of SUIT-2, Capan-1 and Panc-1 cells [34,35], we assessed whether or not the most promising compound 9c was able to affect cell migration. To this goal, the inhibition of cell migration was examined through a high-throughput screening using the scratch wound healing assay, as described previously [36]. SUIT-2, Capan-1 and Panc-1 cells were treated with the compound 9c at a concentration of 3xIC50 and the migration rate was monitored over time within 24 h. Images of the wound closure were taken immediately after scratch (T = 0) and at 4, 8, 20 and 24 h from the treatment. As shown in the Figure 3, the compound 9c led to a net reduction of the migration in SUIT-2 and Capan-1 cells, whose the percentages of migration compared to the control (set to 100%) were 59.09% and 27.71%, respectively.

Figure 3

Modulation of migration rate in SUIT-2, Capan-1 and Panc-1 cells treated with imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole compound 9c. The percentages of migration were monitored over time at 0, 4, 8, 20, 24 h in SUIT-2 (A), Capan-1 (B) and Panc-1 (C) cells treated with compound 9c at concentration of 3xIC50 values. Points represent the means of at least six different scratch areas. SEM were always below 10%. All the P values were calculated with Student’s-t-test. **** p < 0.0001, *** p < 0.001 ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05. (D) Representative images of the scratch areas of SUIT-2 cells monitored over time (T = 0 and at 4, 8, 20 and 24 h from the start of the treatment). (Upper panels) untreated cells; (lower panels) cells treated with compound 9c. Original magnification 5×.

Of note these results showed that this compound was able to inhibit migration more than gemcitabine, which in parallel experiments marginally (i.e., less than 15% inhibition) affected n class="Disease">PDAC cell migration, as also reported in our previous studies in Panc-1 cells [37]. Conversely, the compound 9c accelerated migration up to 142.85% in Panc-1 cells. The latter, unexpected results, might be explained by the tendency of PANC-1 cells to clump, a feature which might affect the analysis of the scratch after 24 h. Moreover, though most previous studies, including ours, showed the ability of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) to reduce migration in different PDAC cancer cell lines [38], a seminal study on sunitinib and other TKIs reported metastatic acceleration depending on treatment schedule and tumour models [39].

Statistical analyses showed that the above described inhibition of migration in treated cells was significant in all three pre-clinical models, compared to untreated cells. Importantly, to exclude that the wound areas were covered by cell proliferation, we determined the doubling time of each cell lines used, which were above 24 h and we calculated that the area of the wound track which was approximately 106 µm2, too large to be covered by only cell proliferation in 24 h, since the average n class="Disease">tumor adherent cell surface is around 100–150 µm2. Finally, we used concentrations of the compound 9c that did not induce cell death during 24 h of exposure to the treatments, in fact, we did not observe detached cells after 24-h drug treatment.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Chemistry

All melting points were taken on a Büchi-Tottoly capillary apparatus and are uncorrected. IR spectra were determined in bromoform with a Shimadzu FT/IR 8400S spectrophotometer. 1H and n class="Chemical">13C NMR spectra were measured at 200 and 50.0 MHz, respectively, in DMSO-d6 solution, using a Bruker Avance II series 200 MHz spectrometer. Column chromatography was performed with Merck silica gel 230–400 mesh ASTM or with Büchi Sepacor chromatography module (prepacked cartridge system). Elemental analyses (C, H, N) were within ±0.4% of theoretical values and were performed with a VARIO EL III elemental analyser. Purity of all the tested compounds was greater than 95%, determined by HPLC (Agilent 1100 Series).

3.1.1. Synthesis of 1H-indole-3-carbonitriles (5a,b)

A solution of the indole 4a,b (5.10 mmol) in anhydrous n class="Chemical">acetonitrile (4.5 mL) was treated by adding dropwise chlorosulfonyl isocyanate (CSI) (0.44 mL, 5.10 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 2 h, then, anhydrous dimethylformamide (DMF) (2.8 mL, 36.39 mmol) was slowly added and the mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 1.5 h. The resulting solution was poured into crushed ice. The solid obtained was filtered and dried (yields 98%).

Analytical and spectroscopic data for compounds 5a,b are in agreement with those reported in literature [40].

3.1.2. Synthesis of 1-methylindole-3-carbonitriles (6a,b)

To a solution of the suitable 3-cyanoindole 5a,b (7.03 mmol) in anhydrous n class="Chemical">DMF (10 mL) 3.61 mmol of K2CO3 and dimethyl carbonate (1.8 mL, 21.4 mmol) were added and the mixture was heated at 130 °C for 3.5 h. After cooling (3 °C), water and ice (25 mL) was slowly added under stirring. The suspension obtained was extracted with diethyl ether (3 × 10 mL) and the organic phase was washed with water and brine, was dried over Na2SO4 and the solvent evaporated at reduced pressure to obtain the 3-cyano-1-methylindole 6a,b in excellent yields.

Analytical and spectroscopic data are in accordance to those reported in literature [41].

3.1.3. Synthesis of 5-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amines (7a–d)

A mixture of the suitable indole-3-carbonitrile 5a,b or 6a,b (5 mmol), n class="Chemical">thiosemicarbazide 5mmol) and trifluoroacetic acid (5 mL) was heated at 60 °C for 3.5 h. The reaction mixture was then poured into ice and neutralized with NaHCO3 saturated solution. The solid obtained was filtered off, washed with water, cyclohexane and diethyl ether.

5-(5-Methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine (7a)

Orange powder. Yield: 98%, m.p. 216–217 °C, IR cm−1: 3604 (NH), 3558 (NH2), 1H NMR (200 MHz, n class="Chemical">DMSO-d6) δ: 3.79 (3H, s, OCH3), 6.85–6.91 (1H, m, Ar-H), 7.39 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz, Ar-H), 7.53 (1H, s, Ar-H), 8.02 (1H, s, Ar-H), 8.58 (2H, bs, NH2), 11.80 (1H, s, NH). 13C NMR (50 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 55.23 (q), 101.9 (d), 105.7 (s), 112.9 (d), 113.0 (d), 124.3 (s), 128.7 (d), 131.4 (s), 152.1 (s), 154.7 (s), 166.5 (s). Anal. Calcd. for C11H10N4OS (MW: 246.29): C, 53.64%; H, 4.09%; N, 22.75%. Found: C, 53.82%; H, 4.28%; N, 22.53%.

5-(5-Methoxy-1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine (7b)

Orange powder. Yield: 98%, m.p. 206–207 °C, IR cm−1: 3381 (NH2), 1H NMR (200 MHz, n class="Chemical">DMSO-d6) δ: 3.80 (6H, s, OCH3, CH3), 6.9 (1H, dd, J = 2.5, 8.8 Hz, Ar-H), 7.13 (2H, s, NH2), 7.41 (1H, d, J = 8.9 Hz, Ar-H), 7.61 (1H, d, J = 2.3 Hz, Ar-H), 7.81 (1H, s, Ar-H). 13C NMR (50 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 32.8 (q), 55.2 (q), 102.3 (d), 106.0 (s), 111.1 (d), 112.5 (d), 124.9 (s), 130.6 (d), 132.0 (s), 152.2 (s), 154.6 (s), 165.4 (s). Anal. Calcd. for C12H12N4OS (MW: 260.31): C, 55.37%; H, 4.65%; N, 21.52%. Found: C, 55.58%; H, 4.81%; N, 21.63%.

5-(5-Fluoro-1H-indol-3-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine (7c)

Orange powder. Yield: 98%, m.p. 257–258 °C IR cm−1: 3558 (NH), 3461 (NH2), 1H NMR (200 MHz, n class="Chemical">DMSO-d6) δ: 7.03–7.12 (1H, m, Ar-H), 7.33–7.50 (3H, m, Ar-H, NH2), 7.80 (1H, dd, J = 2.4, 10.0 Hz, Ar-H), 7.95 (1H, s, Ar-H), 11.79 (1H, s, NH). 13C NMR (50 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 105.4 (d, J = 24.0 Hz), 107.3 (s), 110.7 (d, J = 25.5 Hz), 113.1 (d, J = 10.0 Hz), 124.2 (s), 128.5 (d), 133.0 (s), 152.0 (s), 159.9 (s), 165.8 (s). Anal. Calcd. for C10H7FN4S (MW: 234.25): C, 51.27%; H, 3.01%; N, 23.92%. Found: C, 51.42%; H, 3.28%; N, 24.05%.

5-(5-Fluoro-1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine (7d)

Light orange powder. Yield: 98%, m.p. 183–184 °C IR cm−1: 3450 (NH2) 1H NMR (200 MHz, n class="Chemical">DMSO-d6) δ: 3.85 (3H, s, CH3), 7.12–7.21 (1H, m, Ar-H), 7.58 (1H, dd, J = 2.5, 9.8 Hz, Ar-H), 7.76 (1H, dd, J = 2.5, 9.9 Hz, Ar-H), 8.10 (3H, s, Ar-H, NH2). 13C NMR (50 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 33.1 (q), 105.35 (s), 105.5 (d, J = 24.0 Hz), 111.1 (d, J = 26.0 Hz), 112.0 (d, J = 9.5 Hz), 124.3 (s), 124.5 (s), 133.0 (d), 133.7 (s), 151.3 (s), 155.7 (s). Anal. Calcd. for C11H9FN4S (MW: 248.28): C, 53.21%; H, 3.65%; N, 22.57%. Found: C, 53.50%; H, 3.78%; N, 22.69%.

3.1.4. Synthesis of 3-(6-phenylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl)-1H-indole hydrobromides (9a–p)

A mixture of 5-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine 7a–d (0.92 mmol) and the 2-bromoethanone 8a–f (0.92 mmol) in 40 mL of anhydrous n class="Chemical">ethanol was stirred at reflux for 24 h. After cooling at room temperature, the obtained solid was filtered off and washed with cold ethanol. Derivative 9p was characterized only by 1H NMR spectra due to its poor solubility.

5-Methoxy-3-(6-phenylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl)-1H-indole hydrobromide 9a

Light brown solid. Yield: 80%, m.p. 234–235 °C. IR cm−1: 3592 (NH), 3433 (NH); 1H NMR (200 MHz, n class="Chemical">DMSO-d6) δ: 3.85 (3H, s, OCH3), 6.94 (1H, dd, J = 2.2, 8.7 Hz, Ar-H), 7.32–7.49 (4H, m, Ar-H), 7.63 (1H, s, Ar-H), 7.88 (2H, d, J = 7.6 Hz, Ar-H), 8.33 (1H, d, J = 7.6 Hz, Ar-H), 8.84 (1H, s, Ar-H), 12.10 (1H, s, NH). 13C NMR (50 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 55.3 (q), 102.2 (d), 105.8 (s), 110.9 (d), 113.1 (d), 113.4 (d), 124.3 (s), 124.6 (2xd), 127.7 (d), 128.8 (2xd), 130.2 (d), 131.6 (s), 132.3 (s), 142.6 (s), 142.7 (s), 155.2 (s), 158.3 (s). Anal. Calcd. for C19H15BrN4OS (MW: 427.3): C, 53.40%; H, 3.54%; N, 13.11%. Found: C, 53.62%; H, 3.70%; N, 13.05%.

5-Methoxy-3-[6-(4-fluorophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl]-5-methoxy-1H-indole hydrobromide 9b

Light grey solid. Yield: 75%, m.p. 277–278 °C. IR cm−1: 3615 (NH), 3392 (NH); 1H NMR (200 MHz, n class="Chemical">DMSO-d6) δ: 3.85 (3H, s, OCH3), 6.48 (1H, bs, NH), 6.92–6.96 (2H, d, J = 8.7 Hz, Ar-H), 7.24–7.33 (2H, d, J = 2.3 Hz, Ar-H), 7.43–7.44 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz, Ar-H), 7.62 (1H, s, Ar-H), 7.88–7.94 (2H, m, Ar-H), 8.29–8.31 (1H, d, J = 2.29 Hz, Ar-H), 8.77 (1H, s, Ar-H), 12.08 (1H, bs, NH). 13C NMR (50 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 55.3 (q), 102.2 (d), 106.6 (s), 110.6 (d), 113.1 (d), 113.3 (d), 115.4 (d), 115.8 (d), 124.3 (s), 126.4 (d), 126.6 (2xd), 129.5 (s), 130.0 (s), 131.6 (s), 142.4 (s), 142.8 (s), 155.1 (s), 157.9 (s). Anal. Calcd. for C19H14BrFN4OS (MW: 445.31): C, 51.25%; H, 3.17%; N, 12.58%. Found: C, 51.45%; H, 3.33%; N, 12.65%.

5-Methoxy-3-[6-(4-nitrophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl]-1H-indole 9c

Dark yellow solid. Yield: 73%, m.p. 291–292 °C. IR cm−1: 3609 (NH); 1H NMR (200 MHz, n class="Chemical">DMSO-d6) δ: 3.86 (3H, s, OCH3), 6.94 (1H, dd, J = 2.3, 8.8, Ar-H), 7.41–7.45 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz, Ar-H), 7.62 (1H, d, J = 2.2 Hz, Ar-H), 8.06 (1H, s, Ar-H), 8.11 (1H, s, Ar-H), 8.21 (1H, s, Ar-H), 8.25 (2H, d, J = 2.2, Ar-H), 8.96 (1H, s, Ar-H), 12.03 (1H, bs, NH). 13C NMR (50 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 55.3 (q), 102.2 (d), 106.2 (s), 113.0 (d), 113.3 (d), 124.1 (3xd), 124.3 (s), 124.8 (2xd), 130.0 (d), 131.6 (s), 140.6 (s), 142.4 (s), 144.0 (s), 145.6 (s), 155.1 (s), 158.1 (s). Anal. Calcd. for C19H13N5O3S (MW: 391.40): C, 58.30%; H, 3.35%; N, 17.89%. Found: C, 58.46%; H, 3.48%; N, 18.02%.

5-Methoxy-3-[6-(3-methoxyphenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl]-1H-indole hydrobromide 9d

Light brown solid. Yield: 78%, m.p. 272–273 °C. IR cm−1: 3604 (NH), 3142 (NH); 1H NMR (200 MHz, n class="Chemical">DMSO-d6) δ: 3.83 (3H, s, OCH3), 3.85 (3H, s, OCH3), 6.87–6.98 (2H, m, Ar-H), 7.32–7.48 (4H, m, Ar-H), 7.63 (1H, d, J = 2.28 Hz, Ar-H), 8.33 (1H, d, J = 2.9 Hz, Ar-H), 8.61 (1H, s, NH), 8.86 (1H, s, Ar-H), 12.09 (1H, bs, NH). 13C NMR (50 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 55.1 (q), 55.3 (q), 102.1 (d), 106.0 (s), 109.8 (2xd), 111.1 (d), 113.1 (s), 113.4 (2xd), 116.9 (d), 124.3 (s), 129.9 (2xd), 131.6 (s), 134.2 (s), 140.3 (s), 155.1 (s), 159.3 (s), 159.6 (s). Anal. Calcd. for C20H17BrN4O2S (MW: 457.34): C, 52.52%; H, 3.75%; N, 12.25%. Found: C, 52.69%; H, 3.82%; N, 12.36%.

5-Methoxy-3-[6-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl]-5-methoxy-1H-indole 9e

Yellow solid. Yield: 78%, m.p. 261–262 °C. IR cm−1: 3604 (NH); 1H NMR (200 MHz, n class="Chemical">DMSO-d6) δ: 3.78 (3H, s, OCH3), 3.85 (3H, s, OCH3), 3.94 (3H, s, OCH3), 6.88–6.96 (2H, m, Ar-H), 7.07 (1H, d, J = 9.0 Hz, Ar-H), 7.43–7.65 (3H, m, Ar-H), 8.36 (1H, d, J = 3.0 Hz, Ar-H), 8.71 (1H, s, NH), 12.12 (1H, bs, NH). 13C NMR (50 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 55.4 (2xq), 55.9 (q), 102.3 (d), 105.7 (s), 111.6 (3xd), 112.8 (s), 113.1 (d), 113.4 (d), 113.6 (d) 124.3 (s), 130.5 (d), 131.6 (s), 137.3 (s), 141.8 (s), 149.8 (s), 153.2 (s), 155.2 (s), 158.8 (s). Anal. Calcd. for C21H18N4O3S (MW: 406.57): C, 62.05%; H, 4.46%; N, 13.78%. Found: C, 62.58%; H, 4.58%; N, 13.86%.

5-Methoxy-3-{6-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl}-1H-indole hydrobromide 9f

White solid. Yield: 68%, m.p. 198–199 °C. IR cm−1: 3609 (NH), 3228 (NH); 1H NMR (200 MHz, n class="Chemical">DMSO-d6) δ: 3.86 (3H, s, OCH3), 6.43 (1H, bs, NH), 6.92 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz, Ar-H), 7.45 (1H, dd, J = 2.3, 8.8 Ar-H), 7.64 (1H, s, Ar-H), 7.77 (2H, d, J = 7.5, Hz, Ar-H), 8.09 (2H, d, J = 7.7, Hz, Ar-H), 8.28 (1H, s, Ar-H), 8.91 (1H, s, Ar-H), 12.06 (1H, bs, NH). 13C NMR (50 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 55.3 (q), 102.2 (d), 106.1 (s), 112.1 (d), 113.0 (d), 113.3 (d), 124.3 (s), 124.8 (3xd) 125.6 (d), 130.0 (d), 131.6 (2xs), 137.8 (s), 142.7 (s), 143.5 (s), 155.1 (2xs), 157.9 (s). Anal. Calcd. for C20H14BrF3N4OS (MW: 495.31): C, 48.50%; H, 2.85%; N, 11.31%. Found: C, 48.69%; H, 2.98%; N, 11.26%.

5-Methoxy-1-methyl-3-(6-phenylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl)-1H-indole hydrobromide 9g

Light grey solid. Yield: 81%, m.p. 252–253 °C. IR cm−1: 3592 (NH); 1H NMR (200 MHz, n class="Chemical">DMSO-d6) δ: 3.85 (6H, s, OCH3, CH3), 6.99 (1H, dd, J = 2.4, 8.9 Hz, Ar-H), 7.28–7.60 (5H, m, Ar-H), 7.84 (2H, d, J = 7.1 Hz, Ar-H), 8.33 (1H, s, Ar-H), 8.52 (1H, bs, NH), 8.81 (1H, s, Ar-H). 13C NMR (50 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 33.3 (q, CH3), 55.3 (q, OCH3), 102.4 (d), 104.5 (s), 110.9 (d), 111.9 (s), 112.9 (d), 124.6 (2xd), 127.7 (d) 128.8 (2xd), 132.1 (s), 132.3 (s), 133.6 (d), 142.6 (s), 142.5 (s), 155.5 (s), 157.8 (s). Anal. Calcd. for C20H17BrN4OS (MW: 441.34): C, 54.43%; H, 3.88%; N, 12.69%. Found: C, 54.59%; H, 4.00%; N, 12.96%.

5-Methoxy-3-[6-(4-fluorophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl]-5-methoxy-1-methyl-1H-indole hydrobromide 9h

Light yellow solid. Yield: 72%, m.p. 278–279 °C. IR cm−1: 3609 (NH); 1H NMR (200 MHz, n class="Chemical">DMSO-d6) δ: 3.84 (6H, s, OCH3, CH3), 6.99 (1H, dd, J = 2.4, 8.9 Hz, Ar-H), 7.22–7.31 (2H, m, Ar-H), 7.48–7.52 (1H, d, J = 8.9 Hz, Ar-H), 7.58 (1H, d, J = 2.0 Hz, Ar-H), 7.95–7.82 (2H, m, Ar-H), 8.29 (1H, s, Ar-H), 8.74 (1H, s, Ar-H), 9.66 (1H, bs, NH). 13C NMR (50 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 33.2 (q), 55.4 (q), 102.3 (d), 104.7 (s), 110.6 (d), 111.9 (d), 112.9 (d), 115.4 (d), 115.8 (d), 124.6 (s), 126.4 (d) 126.5 (d), 129.6 (s), 132.3 (s), 133.4 (d), 142.6 (2xs), 155.4 (2xs), 157.3 (s). Anal. Calcd. for C20H16BrN4OS (MW: 459.33): C, 52.30%; H, 3.51%; N, 12.20%. Found: C, 52.50%; H, 4.67%N, 12.35%.

5-Methoxy-1-methyl-3-[6-(3-methoxyphenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl]-1H-indole hydrobromide 9i

Brown solid. Yield: 60%, m.p. 260–261 °C. IR cm−1: 3461 (NH); 1H NMR (200 MHz, n class="Chemical">DMSO-d6) δ: 3.82 (3H, s, CH3), 3.85 (6H, s, OCH3), 5.99 (1H, bs, NH), 6.86 (H, d, J = 7.3 Hz, Ar-H), 6.99 (1H, dd, J = 2.4, 8.9 Hz, Ar-H), 7.30–7.61 (5H, m, Ar-H), 8.32 (1H, s, Ar-H), 8.81 (1H, s, Ar-H). 13C NMR (50 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 33.3 (q), 55.0 (q), 55.3 (q, OCH3), 102.3 (d), 104.7 (s), 109.7 (2xd), 111.9 (d), 112.9 (d), 113.2 (s), 116.8 (d), 124.6 (s), 129.8 (2xd), 130.5 (d), 132.3 (s), 134.0 (s), 142.5 (s), 142.9 (s), 155.4 (s), 157.6 (s), 159.6 (s). Anal. Calcd. for C21H19BrN4O2S (MW: 471.46): C, 53.51%; H, 4.06%; N, 11.89%. Found: C, 53.68%; H, 4.15%; N, 11.99%.

5-Methoxy-3-[6-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl]-5-methoxy-1-methyl-1H-indole 9j

White solid. Yield: 65%, m.p. 277–278 °C. 1H NMR (200 MHz, n class="Chemical">DMSO-d6) δ: 3.77 (6H, s, CH3), 3.86 (6H, s, CH3), 6.86–7.09 (3H, m, Ar-H), 7.51 (2H, dd, J = 2.4, 8.9 Hz, Ar-H), 7.59–7.66 (2H, m, Ar-H); 8.34 (1H, s, Ar-H). 13C NMR (50 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 33.3 (q), 55.2 (q), 55.4 (q), 55.9 (q), 99.4 (s), 102.4 (d), 104.4 (s), 111.5 (2xd), 112.6 (s), 112.8 (2xd), 112.9 (d), 114.2 (d), 124.6 (s), 132.3 (2xs), 133.8 (d), 141.6 (s), 149.8 (s), 153.1 (s), 155.5 (s). Anal. Calcd. for C22H10BrN4O3S (MW: 420.48): C, 62.84%; H, 4.79%; N, 13.32%. Found: C, 62.95%; H, 4.89%; N, 13.39%.

5-Methoxy-1-methyl-3-{6-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl}-1H-indole 9k

Light grey solid. Yield: 67%, m.p. 216 °C. 1H NMR (200 MHz, n class="Chemical">DMSO-d6) δ: 3.85(6H, s, CH3, OCH3), 6.98 (1H, dd, J = 2.4, 8.9Hz, Ar-H), 7.48 (1H, d, J = 8.9 Hz, Ar-H), 7.61 (1H, d, J = 2.3 Hz, Ar-H), 7.74 (2H, d, J = 8.0, Hz, Ar-H), 8.06 (2H, d, J = 8.1, Hz, Ar-H), 8.24 (1H, s, Ar-H), 8.85 (1H, s, Ar-H). 13C NMR (50 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 33.2 (q), 55.3 (q), 99.4 (s), 102.4 (d), 104.9 (2xs), 111.9 (d), 112.1 (s), 112.9 (d), 124.7 (4xd), 125.5 (d), 132.3 (s), 133.2 (d), 138.0 (s), 143.0 (s), 155.4 (2xs), 157.3 (s). Anal. Calcd. for C21H15F3N4OS (MW: 428.43): C, 58.87%; H, 3.53%; N, 13.08%. Found: C, 59.01%; H, 3.62%; N, 13.14%.

5-Fluoro-3-(6-phenylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl)-1H-indole hydrobromide 9l

White solid. Yield: 72%, m.p. 278–279 °C. IR cm−1: 3145 (NH) 2890 (NH).; 1H NMR (200 MHz, n class="Chemical">DMSO-d6) δ: 7.03 (1H, bs, NH), 7.15 (1H, td, J = 2.5, 10.1, 9.6 Hz, Ar-H) 7.26–7.47(3H, m, Ar-H), 7.57 (1H, dd, J = 4.6, 9.0 Hz Ar-H), 7.82–7.90 (3H, m, Ar-H), 8.41 (1H, d, Ar-H), 8.75 (1H, s, Ar-H) 12.28 (1H, bs, NH). 13C NMR (50 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 105.0 (d), 106.5 (s), 110.0 (d), 110.6 (s), 111.2 (d), 111.7 (d), 123.9 (s), 124.5 (2xd), 127.3 (d), 128.7 (2xd), 131.3 (d), 133.3 (2xs), 142.8 (s), 143.9 (s), 157.2 (s). Anal. Calcd. for C18H12BrFN4S (MW: 415.28): C, 52.06%; H, 2.91%; N, 13.49%. Found: C, 52.16%; H, 3.02%; N, 13.59%.

5-Fluoro-3-[6-(3-methoxyphenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl]-1H-indole hydrobromide 9m

White solid. Yield: 74%, m.p. 282–283 °C. IR cm−1: 3153 (NH), 3658 (NH); 1H NMR (200 MHz, n class="Chemical">DMSO-d6) δ: 3.82 (3H, s, OCH3), 6.87–7.62 (6H, m, Ar-H), 7.83 (1H, dd, J = 2.3, 9.7 Hz, Ar-H), 8.44 (1H, d, J = 3 Hz, Ar-H), 8.81 (1H, s, Ar-H), 9.01 (1H, bs, NH), 12.30 (1H, bs, NH). 13C NMR (50 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 55.0 (q), 99.4 (s), 105.0 (d), 109.8 (2xd), 110.4 (s), 111.0 (s), 111.3 (d), 113.2 (d), 113.8 (s), 114.0 (d), 116.9 (d), 118.7 (s), 124.1 (s), 129.8 (d), 131.4 (d), 133.3 (s), 142.7 (s), 143.2 (s), 151.6 (2xs). Anal. Calcd. for C19H14BrFN4OS (MW: 445.30): C, 51.25%; H, 3.17%; N, 12.58%. Found: C, 51.39%; H, 3.25%; N, 12.64%.

5-Fluoro-3-{6-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl}-1H-indole hydrobromide 9n

White solid. Yield: 68%, m.p. 259–260 °C. IR cm−1: 3155 (NH), 2925 (NH); 1H NMR (200 MHz, n class="Chemical">DMSO-d6) δ: 6.16 (1H, bs, NH), 7.15 (1H, td, J = 2.5, 9.1, 9.0 Hz, Ar-H), 7.56 (1H, dd, J = 4.5, 8.5 Hz, Ar-H), 7.73–7.86 (3H, m, Ar-H), 8.05 (2H, d, J = 8.1 Hz, Ar-H), 8.41 (1H, d, J = 2.9 Hz, Ar-H), 8.88 (1H, s, Ar-H), 12.27 (1H, bs, NH). 13C NMR (50 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 105.6 (d), 112.1 (d), 113.2 (d), 113.9 (d), 114.0 (s), 123.9 (s), 124.1 (s), 124.7 (4xd), 125.6 (d), 126.7 (s), 131.3 (d), 133.3 (s), 137.9(s), 143.0 (s), 143.5 (s), 157.4 (s). Anal. Calcd. for C19H11BrF4N4S (MW: 483.27): C, 47.22%; H, 2.29%; N, 11.59%. Found: C, 47.36%; H, 2.36%; N, 11.65%.

5-Fluoro-3-[6-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl]-1H-indole hydrobromide 9o

White solid. Yield: 76%, m.p. 266 °C. IR cm−1: 3427 (NH), 3093 (NH); 1H NMR (200 MHz, n class="Chemical">DMSO-d6) δ: 3.77 (3H, s, CH3), 3.92 (3H, s, CH3), 4.25 (1H, bs, NH), 6.85 (1H, dd, J = 2.9, 8.8 Hz, Ar-H), 7.02–7.20 (2H, m, 2xAr-H), 7.56 (1H, dd, J = 4.3, 8.5 Hz, Ar-H), 7.70 (1H, d, J = 2.86 Hz, Ar-H), 7.87 (1H, d, J = 89.6 Hz, Ar-H), 8.41 (1H, s, Ar-H), 8.55 (1H, s, Ar-H), 12.24 (1H, bs, NH). 13C NMR (50 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 55.3 (q), 55.7 (q), 105.1 (d), 105.6 (d), 106.6 (s), 111.5 (2xd), 112.5 (2xd), 113.8 (d), 122.2 (s), 124.0 (s), 131.1 (d), 133.3 (s), 139.7 (s), 142.0 (s), 149.8 (s), 153.1 (s), 156.9 (s). Anal. Calcd. for C20H16BrFN4O2S (MW: 475.33): C, 50.54%; H, 3.39%; N, 11.79%. Found: C, 50.68%; H, 3.52%; N, 11.86%.

5-Fluoro-1-methyl-3-{6-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl}-1H-indole hydrobromide 9p

Grey solid. Yield: 78%, m.p. 281 °C. IR cm−1: 3501 (NH); 1H NMR (200 MHz, n class="Chemical">DMSO-d6) δ: 3.85 (3H, s, CH3), 7.22 (1H, td, J = 2.6, 9.1, 9.1 Hz, Ar-H), 7.57–7.81 (5H, m, Ar-H, NH), 8.02 (2H, d, J = 8.0 Hz, Ar-H), 8.36 (1H, s, Ar-H), 8.81 (1H, s, Ar-H). Anal. Calcd. for C20H13BrF4N4S (MW: 497.30): C, 48.30%; H, 2.63%; N, 11.27%. Found: C, 48.50%; H, 2.75%; N, 11.36%.

3.2. Biology

3.2.1. Drugs and Chemical

The 3-(6-phenylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl)-1H-indole compounds 9a–p were synthesised at the Department of Pharmacy, University of Palermo (Palermo, Italy). The drugs were dissolved in n class="Chemical">DMSO. The medium, foetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin (50 IU mL−1) and streptomycin (50 µg mL−1) were from Gibco (Gaithersburg, MD, USA). All other chemicals were from Sigma (Zwijndrecht, the Netherlands).

3.2.2. Cell Cultures

Capan-1 and n class="CellLine">Panc-1 cell lines were purchased at the ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) (Manassas, VA, USA), while SUIT-2 cells were a generous gift from Dr. Adam Frampton (Imperial College, London, UK). The cell lines were tested for their authentication by STR–PCR (Short Tandem Repeat- Polymerase Chain Reaction), performed by BaseClear (Leiden, the Netherlands). The cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 (Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated FBS, 1% penicillin/streptomycin or in DMEM (Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium), supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated FBS, 1% HEPES (4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid). The cells were kept in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 and 95% air at 37 °C and harvested with trypsin-EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid).

3.2.3. Cell Growth Inhibition

To evaluate the inhibitory effects of the imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole compounds 9a–p on cell growth, we performed the n class="Gene">Sulforhodamine-B (SRB) assay, as previously described [42]. Cells were seeded into 96-well flat-bottom plates in triplicate at a density of 3 × 103 cells/well for SUIT-2 and Panc-1, while 5 × 103 cells/well were used for Capan-1. Cells were incubated at 37 °C for 24 h to create a confluent monolayer and then they were treated with 100 µL of increasing concentrations of the compounds dissolved in DMSO.

After 72 h of treatment, the cells were fixed with 25 µL of 50% cold trichloroacetic acid (n class="Chemical">TCA) and kept for at least 60 min at 4 °C. Then, the plates were washed gently with deionized water, dried at room temperature (RT) overnight and stained with 50 µL of 0.4% SRB solution in 1% acetic acid for 15 min at RT. The excess of SRB stain was removed on dried tissues and the plates were washed with 1% acetic acid and let dry at RT overnight. The SRB was dissolved in 150 µL of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane solution pH = 8.8 (TRIS base) and the optical density (OD) was detected at a wavelength of 490 nm and 540 nm. Cell growth inhibition was calculated as the percentage versus vehicle-treated cells (“negative control”) OD (corrected for OD before drug addiction). Finally, the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was calculated by non-linear least squares curve fitting (GraphPad Prism 7, Intuitive Software for Science, San Diego, CA, USA).

3.2.4. Wound-Healing Assays

The in vitro scratch wound-healing assay was performed as previously described [43]. SUIT-2, Capan-1 and n class="CellLine">Panc-1 cells were seeded into a 96-well plates at a density of 5 × 104 cells/well and incubated for 24 h at 37 °C, 5% CO2 and 100% humidity. Then, cell monolayer was scratched through a specific needle to create a scratch of constant width. After removal of the detached cells by washing with phosphate buffered saline (PBS), we added only medium in the control wells and medium with the compounds of interest in the experimental wells. The wound closure was monitored by phase-contrast microscopy using a Universal Grab 6.3 software (Digital Cell Imaging Labs, Keerbergen, Belgium) integrated to the Leica DMI300B migration station (Leica Microsystems, Eindhoven, Netherlands) and the pictures were captured immediately after scratch (T = 0) and at 4, 8, 20 and 24 h from the treatment. The results were analysed with the Scratch Assay 6.2 software (Digital Cell Imaging Labs).

3.2.5. Statistical Analysis

All SRB assays were carried out in triplicate and repeated at least three times, whereas the percentages of cell migration were caln class="Chemical">culated taking into account at least six scratch areas. The data were evaluated using GraphPad Prism (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA). Data were expressed as mean values ± SEM and analysed by the Student t test.

4. Conclusions

PDAC is one of the deadliest n class="Disease">cancer types and despite enormous efforts in pancreatic cancer research, in 2019, the American Cancer Society estimated 1,762,450 new cancer cases and 606,880 cancer deaths in the United States (US) [44]. Due to the lack of clinical signs and symptoms, most patients are diagnosed at an advanced/unresectable stage of the disease and regimens with combinations of conventional chemotherapy drugs are the best option for the treatment of PDAC patients. [45]. However, PDACs are characterized by common inherent or acquired resistance to conventional treatment modalities and new therapeutic strategies are warranted [33,46]. A new series of imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole derivatives 9a–p were efficiently synthesized and tested for their in vitro antiproliferative properties on a panel of PDAC cell lines, including SUIT-2, Capan-1 and Panc-1. Four out of sixteen compounds (9c, 9e, 9l and 9n), showed interesting in vitro antiproliferative activity. In particular, the compounds 9c and 9l were active in all three preclinical models with IC50s ranging from 5.1 to 10.8 µM. Notably, the IC50s of the compound 9c in SUIT-2, Capan-1 and Panc-1 cells were the lowest (around 5 µM). The compound 9e was active only in Panc-1 cells. Conversely, the compound 9n inhibited cell proliferation in SUIT-2 and Capan-1 cells, with IC50s of 11.8 ± 0.54 and 10.49 ± 0.16 µM, respectively. Finally, using the scratch wound-healing assay, we demonstrated a relevant anti-migratory activity of the compound 9c in SUIT-2 and Capan-1 cells. Overall, the results of cytotoxicity and cell migration obtained with compound 9c could suggest its role as an interesting hit compound to create a library of new derivatives and study in deep the structure–activity relationship (SAR). This could indeed be extremely useful to guide the synthesis of future analogues. In particular, we focused our research on derivatives bearing at position 5 of indole scaffold a group (-OCH3) or atom (-F) with electron-withdrawing properties. Furthermore, we investigated how the N-methyl indole, as well as the effect of different substitutions on the phenyl ring, could influence activity. As reported in the Table 1, some of the compounds 1H-indole showed antiproliferative activity in one or more cell lines, unlike the 1-methyl-1H-indole analogues. Probably, this is due to the ability to create hydrogen bonds with the target. Concerning the substitution on phenyl ring, we did not observe differences between the presence or absence of electron-withdrawing groups, with the exception of nitro group (-NO2) that, thanks to the delocalization of negative and positive charges, increased the cytotoxicity activity in all the cell lines.