Ultrasound-assisted fermentation for cider production from Lebanese apples.

The present work studies the impact of low-intensity ultrasound (US) on Hanseniaspora sp. yeast fermentations. The effect of pulse duration and growth phase on US application was first evaluated using a synthetic medium. The optimal conditions were then applied to apple juice US-assisted fermentation. An US treatment chamber was first designed to allow the recycling of the culture medium. The optimal US pulse duration on the yeast growth rate was of 0.5 s followed by 6 s rest period, and during 6 h of both Lag and Log phases. These US parameters led to a faster consumption of glucose in the medium during the fermentation, compared to the untreated culture. The impact of US was also depending on the growth phase, showing higher sensitivity of the yeast to US during the Lag phase rather than the Log phase. US-assisted fermentation of apple juice showed a significant increase in biomass growth and glucose consumption, along with a significant decrease in the ethanol yield. The fastest growth kinetic (by 52%), and the highest ethanol reduction (by 0.55% (v, v)) were obtained for the treatment during the first 12 h of fermentation, thereby, the stationary phase was reached faster, and the maximum biomass growth rate was 10 folds higher compared to the untreated culture. The results obtained in this study demonstrated the promising efficiency of US-assisted fermentation in stimulating the biomass growth and reducing the ethanol content in alcoholic beverages.