Jennifer Rusiecki1, Lynn I Levin2, Li Wang3, Celia Byrne3, Jayasree Krishnamurthy4, Ligong Chen3, Zygmunt Galdzicki5, Louis M French6. 1. Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA. jennifer.rusiecki@usuhs.edu. 2. Statistics and Epidemiology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA. 3. Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA. 4. Department of Pediatrics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA. 5. Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA. 6. National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: There is a paucity of human data on exposure to blast traumatic brain injury (bTBI) and the corresponding systemic cytokine immune response at later time points (i.e., months, years) post-injury. METHODS: We conducted a repeated measures, case-control study, examining associations of serum levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, measured both pre- and post-deployment with having mild and moderate/severe bTBI. Utilizing serum from the Department of Defense Serum Repository cytokines were measured via an ELISA-based array for 15 cytokines. We compared pre- vs. post-levels among mild cases, moderate/severe cases, and controls and carried out case-control comparisons, using paired t- tests and generalized linear models. RESULTS: The average time between bTBI and post-deployment/bTBI serum among cases was 315.8 days. From pre- to post-deployment/bTBI, levels of interleukin 8 (IL-8) were decreased among both mild cases (μ = - 83.43 pg/ml; s.e. = 21.66) and moderate/severe cases (μ = - 107.67 pg/ml; s.e. = 28.74 pg/ml), while levels increased among controls (μ = 32.86 pg/ml; s.e. = 30.29). The same pattern occurred for matrix metallopeptidase 3 (MMP3), with levels decreasing for moderate/severe cases (μ = - 3369.24 pg/ml; s.e. = 1701.68) and increasing for controls (μ = 1859.60 pg/ml; s.e. = 1737.51) from pre- to post-deployment/bTBI. Evidence was also suggestive of case-control differences, from pre- to post-deployment/bTBI for interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1α), interleukin 4 (IL-4), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) among moderate/severe cases. CONCLUSION: The findings of this longitudinal study indicate that in the chronic phase of bTBI, levels of IL-8 and MMP3 may be substantially lower than pre-injury. These results need confirmation in other studies, potentially those that account for treatment differences, which was not possible in our study.
BACKGROUND: There is a paucity of human data on exposure to blast traumatic brain injury (bTBI) and the corresponding systemic cytokine immune response at later time points (i.e., months, years) post-injury. METHODS: We conducted a repeated measures, case-control study, examining associations of serum levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, measured both pre- and post-deployment with having mild and moderate/severe bTBI. Utilizing serum from the Department of Defense Serum Repository cytokines were measured via an ELISA-based array for 15 cytokines. We compared pre- vs. post-levels among mild cases, moderate/severe cases, and controls and carried out case-control comparisons, using paired t- tests and generalized linear models. RESULTS: The average time between bTBI and post-deployment/bTBI serum among cases was 315.8 days. From pre- to post-deployment/bTBI, levels of interleukin 8 (IL-8) were decreased among both mild cases (μ = - 83.43 pg/ml; s.e. = 21.66) and moderate/severe cases (μ = - 107.67 pg/ml; s.e. = 28.74 pg/ml), while levels increased among controls (μ = 32.86 pg/ml; s.e. = 30.29). The same pattern occurred for matrix metallopeptidase 3 (MMP3), with levels decreasing for moderate/severe cases (μ = - 3369.24 pg/ml; s.e. = 1701.68) and increasing for controls (μ = 1859.60 pg/ml; s.e. = 1737.51) from pre- to post-deployment/bTBI. Evidence was also suggestive of case-control differences, from pre- to post-deployment/bTBI for interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1α), interleukin 4 (IL-4), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) among moderate/severe cases. CONCLUSION: The findings of this longitudinal study indicate that in the chronic phase of bTBI, levels of IL-8 and MMP3 may be substantially lower than pre-injury. These results need confirmation in other studies, potentially those that account for treatment differences, which was not possible in our study.
Authors: Setthasorn Zhi Yang Ooi; Robert James Spencer; Megan Hodgson; Samay Mehta; Nicholas Lloyd Phillips; Gwilym Preest; Susruta Manivannan; Matt P Wise; James Galea; Malik Zaben Journal: Neurosurg Rev Date: 2022-07-06 Impact factor: 2.800
Authors: Gustavo N C Inoue; Ruan Pimenta; Juliana A Camargo; Nayara I Viana; Vanessa R Guimarães; Miguel Srougi; William C Nahas; Katia R M Leite; Sabrina T Reis Journal: Ann Med Surg (Lond) Date: 2022-02-24
Authors: Katie A Edwards; Jacqueline J Leete; Ethan G Smith; Alycia Quick; Claire M Modica; Eric M Wassermann; Elena Polejaeva; Kristine C Dell; Matthew LoPresti; Peter Walker; Meghan O'Brien; Chen Lai; Bao-Xi Qu; Christina Devoto; Walter Carr; James R Stone; Stephen T Ahlers; Jessica M Gill Journal: Front Neurol Date: 2022-04-21 Impact factor: 4.003