Ultrasound Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) Based on the Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS) to Distinguish Benign from Malignant Thyroid Nodules and the Diagnostic Performance of Radiologists with Different Diagnostic Experience.

<strong>BACKGROUND</strong> The diagnosis of thyroid cancer and distinguishing benign from malignant thyroid nodules by junior radiologists can be challenging. This study aimed to develop a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system based on the Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS) to distinguish benign from malignant thyroid nodules by analyzing ultrasound images to improve the diagnostic performance of junior radiologists. <strong>MATERIAL AND METHODS</strong> A modified TI-RADS based on a convolutional neural network (CNN) was used to develop the CAD system. This retrospective study reviewed 789 thyroid nodules from 695 patients and included radiologists with different diagnostic experience. Five study groups included the CAD group, the junior radiologist group, the intermediate-level radiologist group, the senior radiologist group, and the group in which the junior radiologist used the CAD system. The ultrasound findings were reviewed and compared with the histopathology diagnosis. <strong>RESULTS</strong> The CAD system for the diagnosis of thyroid cancer showed an accuracy of 80.35%, a sensitivity of 80.64%, a specificity of 80.13%, a positive predictive value (PPV) of 76.02%, a negative predictive value (NPV) of 84.12%, and an area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) of 0.87. The accuracy of the junior radiologists in diagnosing thyroid cancer using CAD was similar to that of intermediate-level radiologists (79.21% <i>vs</i>. 77.57%; P=0.427). <strong>CONCLUSIONS</strong> The use of ultrasound CAD based on the TI-RADS showed potential for distinguishing between benign and malignant thyroid nodules and improved the diagnostic performance of junior radiologists.