Saajidah Fakier1, Allen Rodgers2. 1. University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. 2. University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. Electronic address: allen.rodgers@uct.ac.za.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Dietary phytate (IP6) enjoys a reputation as an inhibitor of calcium renal stone formation, although there are very few human studies to support this notion. In South Africa, urolithiasis occurs in the white (W) but is rare in the black (B) population. We undertook this unique human model to further investigate the IP6 theory. METHODS: Healthy W and B males completed baseline food-frequency recall questionnaires. Dietary intake of IP6 was restricted for 18 days. An IP6 dietary supplement was ingested on days 15-18. Twenty-four-hour urinary phytate and other urinary components were determined. Relative supersaturations of calcium salts were calculated. The urinary metastable limit (MSL) of calcium oxalate (CaOx) and its crystallisation kinetics were determined experimentally. RESULTS: Habitual dietary intake of IP6 and its urinary excretion were significantly higher in B than in W (1650 ± 202 vs. 640 ± 134 mg/d, P = .0002 and 1.13 ± 0.12 vs. 0.75 ± 0.13 μM, P <.05, respectively). In B, urinary phytate decreased significantly after 15 days of IP6 restriction, but in W, its excretion remained constant. After supplementation, urinary IP6 increased significantly in both groups reaching levels commensurate with the baseline value in B. No significant differences occurred in B in any of the routine urinary risk factors throughout the trial. However, in W, urinary citrate excretion increased on day 18 relative to day 0. There were no significant intragroup or intergroup changes in relative supersaturation, metastable limit, or crystallization kinetics. CONCLUSIONS: Despite notable differences in the renal handling of ingested IP6, there were no changes in any of the well-established urinary risk factors for calcium renal stone formation in either of our uniquely different test groups. We conclude that, in the absence of hard evidence, claims that IP6 is a stone inhibitor remain unproven.
OBJECTIVE: Dietary phytate (IP6) enjoys a reputation as an inhibitor of calcium renal stone formation, although there are very few human studies to support this notion. In South Africa, urolithiasis occurs in the white (W) but is rare in the black (B) population. We undertook this unique human model to further investigate the IP6 theory. METHODS: Healthy W and B males completed baseline food-frequency recall questionnaires. Dietary intake of IP6 was restricted for 18 days. An IP6 dietary supplement was ingested on days 15-18. Twenty-four-hour urinary phytate and other urinary components were determined. Relative supersaturations of calcium salts were calculated. The urinary metastable limit (MSL) of calcium oxalate (CaOx) and its crystallisation kinetics were determined experimentally. RESULTS: Habitual dietary intake of IP6 and its urinary excretion were significantly higher in B than in W (1650 ± 202 vs. 640 ± 134 mg/d, P = .0002 and 1.13 ± 0.12 vs. 0.75 ± 0.13 μM, P <.05, respectively). In B, urinary phytate decreased significantly after 15 days of IP6 restriction, but in W, its excretion remained constant. After supplementation, urinary IP6 increased significantly in both groups reaching levels commensurate with the baseline value in B. No significant differences occurred in B in any of the routine urinary risk factors throughout the trial. However, in W, urinary citrate excretion increased on day 18 relative to day 0. There were no significant intragroup or intergroup changes in relative supersaturation, metastable limit, or crystallization kinetics. CONCLUSIONS: Despite notable differences in the renal handling of ingested IP6, there were no changes in any of the well-established urinary risk factors for calcium renal stone formation in either of our uniquely different test groups. We conclude that, in the absence of hard evidence, claims that IP6 is a stone inhibitor remain unproven.