Hanni Ke1,2,3, Jingmei Hu1,2,3, Lijuan Zhao1,2,3, Lingling Ding1,2,3, Xue Jiao1,2,3,4, Yingying Qin1,2,3. 1. Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China. 2. National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Jinan, China. 3. The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan, China. 4. Suzhou Institute of Shandong University, Suzhou, China.
Abstract
Background: Thyroid autoimmunity (TAI) is the most frequent autoimmune disease among reproductive-aged women. It has been related to premature ovarian insufficiency, but the mechanisms remain elusive, and its association with ovarian reserve in euthyroid women is debatable. Moreover, the impact of TAI on assisted reproduction is controversial: especially for women with diminished ovarian reserve (DOR), few studies are available. Therefore, the present study was aimed to look for an association between TAI and DOR, and to evaluate the effect of TAI on pregnancy outcomes and offspring health following assisted reproductive technology stratified by ovarian reserve. Methods: A total of 6213 euthyroid women from the Reproductive Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University between 2012 and 2017 were retrospectively included. The prevalence of DOR in women with negative or positive TAI was calculated, and pregnancy and neonatal outcomes after in vitro fertilization (IVF)/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles were compared between the TAI-positive and TAI-negative groups both in women with DOR and in those with normal ovarian reserve (NOR). Longitudinal growth parameters and temperament type of the offspring were also observed in the TAI-positive and TAI-negative groups. Results: The prevalence of DOR in women with positive TAI and those with negative TAI was not significantly different (4.09% vs. 2.96%, p = 0.053), even after stratifying patients by age. In women with DOR, the live birth rate, pregnancy loss rate, neonatal complication rate, and offspring outcomes between the TAI-positive and TAI-negative groups were comparable (p > 0.05). In women with NOR, a higher rate of live births (44.94% vs. 40.34%, p = 0.027) and a higher prevalence of congenital anomalies (4.68% vs. 2.14%, p = 0.005) were observed in the TAI-positive group. Conclusions: TAI had no impact on ovarian reserve in euthyroid women and had no association with IVF/ICSI outcomes in women with DOR. Although an increased incidence of congenital anomalies in the TAI-positive group was observed in women with NOR, an association between neonatal anomalies and TAI cannot be demonstrated. Large cohort studies to evaluate the effects of TAI on offspring health are warranted, and further experimental studies are required to explore the underlying mechanisms.
Background: Thyroid autoimmunity (TAI) is the most frequent autoimmune disease among reproductive-aged women. It has been related to premature ovarian insufficiency, but the mechanisms remain elusive, and its association with ovarian reserve in euthyroid women is debatable. Moreover, the impact of TAI on assisted reproduction is controversial: especially for women with diminished ovarian reserve (DOR), few studies are available. Therefore, the present study was aimed to look for an association between TAI and DOR, and to evaluate the effect of TAI on pregnancy outcomes and offspring health following assisted reproductive technology stratified by ovarian reserve. Methods: A total of 6213 euthyroid women from the Reproductive Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University between 2012 and 2017 were retrospectively included. The prevalence of DOR in women with negative or positive TAI was calculated, and pregnancy and neonatal outcomes after in vitro fertilization (IVF)/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles were compared between the TAI-positive and TAI-negative groups both in women with DOR and in those with normal ovarian reserve (NOR). Longitudinal growth parameters and temperament type of the offspring were also observed in the TAI-positive and TAI-negative groups. Results: The prevalence of DOR in women with positive TAI and those with negative TAI was not significantly different (4.09% vs. 2.96%, p = 0.053), even after stratifying patients by age. In women with DOR, the live birth rate, pregnancy loss rate, neonatal complication rate, and offspring outcomes between the TAI-positive and TAI-negative groups were comparable (p > 0.05). In women with NOR, a higher rate of live births (44.94% vs. 40.34%, p = 0.027) and a higher prevalence of congenital anomalies (4.68% vs. 2.14%, p = 0.005) were observed in the TAI-positive group. Conclusions: TAI had no impact on ovarian reserve in euthyroid women and had no association with IVF/ICSI outcomes in women with DOR. Although an increased incidence of congenital anomalies in the TAI-positive group was observed in women with NOR, an association between neonatal anomalies and TAI cannot be demonstrated. Large cohort studies to evaluate the effects of TAI on offspring health are warranted, and further experimental studies are required to explore the underlying mechanisms.