Imaging of Diastolic Dysfunction in Community-Based Epidemiological Studies and Randomized Controlled Trials of HFpEF.

By assessing nonhospitalized asymptomatic patients, community-based studies inform the prevalence, key clinical characteristics, and outcomes associated with diastolic dysfunction. As the number of parameters to define and grade diastolic function continues to increase, there has been a shift to a focus on readily obtainable measurements with minimal interobserver variability. In this regard, mitral inflow and annular tissue Doppler velocities, as well as measurement of left atrial volume index, are the most feasible and reproducible. Within communities, variations in definitions have limited generalizability regarding the prevalence and risks associated with diastolic dysfunction. Nevertheless, community-based studies have established important associations with hypertension, obesity, and diabetes. Randomized controlled trials of treatment in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction have been disappointing. Importantly, diastolic dysfunction is consistently associated with higher mortality, which emphasizes the importance of early recognition and initiation of appropriate preventative treatments.