Structural Biology of CRL Ubiquitin Ligases.

Cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases (CRLs) represent the largest superfamily of multi-subunit E3s conserved in all eukaryotes. Soon after the discovery of these important ubiquitin ligase machineries, structural studies have made tremendous contributions to our understanding of their functions. Identification of the key components of CRLs by early studies raised immediate questions as to how these multi-subunit complexes assemble to promote the polyubiquitination of substrates. Specifically, how do the CRL subunits interact with each other to form a versatile E3 platform? How do they recognize specific substrates? How are the CRL-substrate interactions regulated in response to upstream signals? How are the CRL E3s themselves activated and deactivated, and how are substrate receptor subunits of CRLs exchanged in the cell? Even though we might not yet have complete answers to these questions, extensive structural analyses of CRL complexes in the past two decades have begun to unveil the themes and variations of CRL biology. In this chapter we will discuss both classic and emerging structures that help elucidate the overall architecture of CRLs, their substrate recognition modes, and regulatory mechanism of CRLs by NEDD8 modification.