Hidenori Otani1, Mitsuharu Kaya2, Heita Goto3, Akira Tamaki2. 1. Faculty of Health Care Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, 7-2-1 Kamiono, Himeji, Hyogo, 670-8524, Japan. hotani@himeji-du.ac.jp. 2. Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan. 3. Kyushu Kyoritsu University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan.
Abstract
PURPOSE: Core temperature (Tc) shows rising (05:00-17:00 h) and falling (17:00-05:00 h) phases. This study examined the time-of-day effects on endurance exercise capacity and heat-loss responses to control Tc in the heat at around the midpoint of the rising and falling phases of Tc. METHODS: Ten male participants completed cycling exercise at 70% peak oxygen uptake until exhaustion in the heat (30 °C, 50% relative humidity). Participants commenced exercise in the late morning at 10:00 h (AM) or evening at 21:00 h (PM). RESULTS: Time to exhaustion was 28 ± 13% (mean ± SD) longer in PM (49.1 ± 16.3 min) than AM (38.7 ± 14.6 min; P < 0.001). Tc before and during exercise were higher in PM than AM (both P < 0.01) in accordance with the diurnal variation of Tc. The rates of rise in Tc, mean skin temperature, thermal sensation and rating of perceived exertion during exercise were slower in PM than AM (all P < 0.05). Dry and evaporative heat losses and skin blood flow during exercise were greater in PM than AM (all P < 0.05). During 30-min post-exercise recovery, the rates of fall in Tc and skin blood flow were faster and thermal sensation was lower in PM than AM (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that endurance exercise capacity is greater and heat-loss responses to control Tc during and following exercise in the heat are more effective in the late evening than morning. Moreover, perceived fatigue during exercise and thermal perception during and following exercise are lower in the late evening than morning.
PURPOSE: Core temperature (Tc) shows rising (05:00-17:00 h) and falling (17:00-05:00 h) phases. This study examined the time-of-day effects on endurance exercise capacity and heat-loss responses to control Tc in the heat at around the midpoint of the rising and falling phases of Tc. METHODS: Ten male participants completed cycling exercise at 70% peak oxygen uptake until exhaustion in the heat (30 °C, 50% relative humidity). Participants commenced exercise in the late morning at 10:00 h (AM) or evening at 21:00 h (PM). RESULTS: Time to exhaustion was 28 ± 13% (mean ± SD) longer in PM (49.1 ± 16.3 min) than AM (38.7 ± 14.6 min; P < 0.001). Tc before and during exercise were higher in PM than AM (both P < 0.01) in accordance with the diurnal variation of Tc. The rates of rise in Tc, mean skin temperature, thermal sensation and rating of perceived exertion during exercise were slower in PM than AM (all P < 0.05). Dry and evaporative heat losses and skin blood flow during exercise were greater in PM than AM (all P < 0.05). During 30-min post-exercise recovery, the rates of fall in Tc and skin blood flow were faster and thermal sensation was lower in PM than AM (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that endurance exercise capacity is greater and heat-loss responses to control Tc during and following exercise in the heat are more effective in the late evening than morning. Moreover, perceived fatigue during exercise and thermal perception during and following exercise are lower in the late evening than morning.