Helene Hurth1, Ulrich Birkenhauer2, Jochen Steiner2, Dennis Schlak3, Florian Hennersdorf4, Florian H Ebner2. 1. Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Tuebingen, Germany. Electronic address: helene.hurth@med.uni-tuebingen.de. 2. Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Tuebingen, Germany. 3. Department of Neurology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Germany. 4. Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Germany.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Identifying patients at risk for delayed cerebral ischemia after an aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage remains challenging and both delayed treatment and over-treatment are reasonable concerns. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of the serum markers C-reactive protein, white blood count, and d-dimer as prognostic factors for the occurrence of delayed cerebral ischemia. METHODS: All patients admitted within 24 hours after an aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage were included over a 6-year period. The World Federation of Neurosurgery and Fisher grading scales as well as the extended Glasgow Outcome Scale were documented at discharge and after a 3-to-6-month follow-up period. C-reactive protein, d-dimer, white blood count, and procalcitonin were assessed on admission, day 1, day 4, day 9, day 14, and at discharge. Radiologically confirmed delayed cerebral ischemia before discharge was the primary endpoint. Severe angiographic vasospasm and outcome were used as secondary endpoints. RESULTS: Delayed cerebral ischemia occurred in 19.6% of the 138 patients included. Delayed cerebral ischemia correlated with severe vasospasm and with a worse outcome. Serum C-reactive protein levels were higher in patients with severe vasospasm during the period of vasospasm. D-dimer levels on admission correlated with Fisher grades. Delayed cerebral ischemia occurred more frequently in patients with Fisher grade IV hemorrhage, if d-dimer levels were higher on admission. The cut-off was .445 µg/ml. CONCLUSION: Our observations support a multifactorial genesis for delayed cerebral ischemia, including vasospasm and microthrombotic and inflammatory processes. Serum d-dimer levels greater than .445 µg/ml might be a predictor for the occurrence of delayed cerebral ischemia in patients with a Fisher grade IV aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.
BACKGROUND: Identifying patients at risk for delayed cerebral ischemia after an aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage remains challenging and both delayed treatment and over-treatment are reasonable concerns. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of the serum markers C-reactive protein, white blood count, and d-dimer as prognostic factors for the occurrence of delayed cerebral ischemia. METHODS: All patients admitted within 24 hours after an aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage were included over a 6-year period. The World Federation of Neurosurgery and Fisher grading scales as well as the extended Glasgow Outcome Scale were documented at discharge and after a 3-to-6-month follow-up period. C-reactive protein, d-dimer, white blood count, and procalcitonin were assessed on admission, day 1, day 4, day 9, day 14, and at discharge. Radiologically confirmed delayed cerebral ischemia before discharge was the primary endpoint. Severe angiographic vasospasm and outcome were used as secondary endpoints. RESULTS:Delayed cerebral ischemia occurred in 19.6% of the 138 patients included. Delayed cerebral ischemia correlated with severe vasospasm and with a worse outcome. Serum C-reactive protein levels were higher in patients with severe vasospasm during the period of vasospasm. D-dimer levels on admission correlated with Fisher grades. Delayed cerebral ischemia occurred more frequently in patients with Fisher grade IV hemorrhage, if d-dimer levels were higher on admission. The cut-off was .445 µg/ml. CONCLUSION: Our observations support a multifactorial genesis for delayed cerebral ischemia, including vasospasm and microthrombotic and inflammatory processes. Serum d-dimer levels greater than .445 µg/ml might be a predictor for the occurrence of delayed cerebral ischemia in patients with a Fisher grade IV aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.