Li Qiu1, Gan Zhou2, Shan Cao3. 1. Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China. 2. Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; National Institution of Drug Clinical Trial, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 110 Xiang Ya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, China. 3. Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; National Institution of Drug Clinical Trial, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 110 Xiang Ya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China. Electronic address: caoshan1106@csu.edu.cn.
Abstract
PURPOSE: In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), complete remission can be achieved in parts of patients using cytarabine/anthracycline combination-based chemotherapy, however, drug resistance-related recurrence is still a common cause of treatment failure, leading to high mortality among patients. In our research, we revealed the molecular mechanisms that were sufficient to improve sensitivity of AML cells to the anthracycline daunorubicin (DNR). METHODS: We evaluated the effects of autophagy and apoptosis induced by DNR using two AML cell lines HL60 and U937.Western blot was preformed to analyze the apoptotic pathway protein expression and flow cytometric analysis was used to detect the level of apoptosis in AML cells. The levels of autophagy-related proteins were detected by western blotting and autophagic vesicles were observed by electron microscopy. RESULTS: DNR effectively induced autophagy in two AML cell lines HL60 and U937 confirming by upregulation of LC3-II lipidation, formation of autophagosomes. Inhibition of autophagy by pharmacologic inhibitor HCQ promoted apoptosis induced by DNR, suggesting that autophagy played a vital role in pro-survival in AML. Furthermore, ULK1 inhibition by a highly selective kinase inhibitor SBI-0206965 and shRNA enhanced cytotoxicity of DNR against AML cells. Independent of mTOR -ULK1 signaling pathway, activation of autophagy of DNR was proved to be mediated by AMPK (pThr172)/ULK1 pathway. CONCLUSIONS: These results revealed that pro-survival autophagy induced by ULK1 activation was one of the potential mechanisms of AML resistance to DNR. Targeting ULK1 selectively could be a promising therapeutic strategy to enhance sensitivity of DNR for AML therapy.
PURPOSE: In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), complete remission can be achieved in parts of patients using cytarabine/anthracycline combination-based chemotherapy, however, drug resistance-related recurrence is still a common cause of treatment failure, leading to high mortality among patients. In our research, we revealed the molecular mechanisms that were sufficient to improve sensitivity of AML cells to the anthracycline daunorubicin (DNR). METHODS: We evaluated the effects of autophagy and apoptosis induced by DNR using two AML cell lines HL60 and U937.Western blot was preformed to analyze the apoptotic pathway protein expression and flow cytometric analysis was used to detect the level of apoptosis in AML cells. The levels of autophagy-related proteins were detected by western blotting and autophagic vesicles were observed by electron microscopy. RESULTS:DNR effectively induced autophagy in two AML cell lines HL60 and U937 confirming by upregulation of LC3-II lipidation, formation of autophagosomes. Inhibition of autophagy by pharmacologic inhibitor HCQ promoted apoptosis induced by DNR, suggesting that autophagy played a vital role in pro-survival in AML. Furthermore, ULK1 inhibition by a highly selective kinase inhibitor SBI-0206965 and shRNA enhanced cytotoxicity of DNR against AML cells. Independent of mTOR -ULK1 signaling pathway, activation of autophagy of DNR was proved to be mediated by AMPK (pThr172)/ULK1 pathway. CONCLUSIONS: These results revealed that pro-survival autophagy induced by ULK1 activation was one of the potential mechanisms of AML resistance to DNR. Targeting ULK1 selectively could be a promising therapeutic strategy to enhance sensitivity of DNR for AML therapy.
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