Evaluation of ecotoxicological and chemical properties of soil amended with Hudson River (New York, USA) sediment.

The aim of this study was to assess the potential for application of Hudson River sediment as a plant growth medium by mixing with various proportions of soil. The growth medium obtained by the admixture of soil and Hudson River sediment was characterized by optimal pH, reduced salinity, and presence of macro- (K, Mg) and micronutrients (Fe, Mn). Apart from beneficial nutrients and organic matter, the riverine sediment also contained toxic metals (Zn 86 mg; Cu 17.8 mg; Ni 16.6 mg; Cr 20.7 mg; Cd 0.46 mg; Pb 20.7 mg/kg, at concentrations below the threshold effect concentration) and PCBs (total concentration 254 ng/g), which can have a negative impact on soil ecosystems. The results ecological risk assessment of six trace elements and PCBs in sediment suggested medium/moderate risk (PECq = 0.21) and the need for ecotoxicological tests prior to its use as a growth medium. However, ecotoxicity tests of the soil/sediment admixture indicated that it was non-toxic or less-toxic to crustacean Heterocypris incongruens (PE = - 8-38%) and bacteria Aliivibrio fischeri (PE = - 20-38). For Sinapis alba L. and Lepidium sativum L., the germination index (GI) indicated the dominance of inhibitory effect on plant growth; whereas for the Sorghum saccharatum L., the GI value showed the stimulatory effect. Based on the above physicochemical and ecotoxicological analyses, the sediment was found suitable for use as a growth medium, for non-edible plants. It is worth to underline that this sediment was collected from relatively less contaminated location of the river and therefore the results may not represent sediments from entire stretch of the Hudson River.