Early pancreatic cancer in IgG4-related pancreatic mass: A case report.

BACKGROUND: IgG4-related disease can manifest diversely, including autoimmune pancreatitis and IgG4-related cholangiopathy. We are reporting a very unusual cause of pancreatic cancer triggered in a previously unknown IgG4-related disease. CASE
SUMMARY: A 75-year-old man was diagnosed with a 43 mm × 33 mm pancreatic head tumor after consulting for abdominal pain and jaundice. A pancreaticoduodenectomy was carried out uneventfully, and the histopathology report showed an early stage of acinar-cell pancreatic cancer. The patient reconsulted on the 30th postoperative day with fever, jaundice and asthenia. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography evidenced an extense bile duct stricture. A percutaneous biliary drainage proved to be ineffective, even after exchanging it with larger bore drainage. Reviewing the surgical specimen, features compatible with IgG4-related disease were observed. Consequently, empiric treatment with steroids was initiated achieving excellent results.
CONCLUSION: IgG4-related disease may cause chronic inflammation of the pancreas and can condition pancreatic malignancies. ©The Author(s) 2019. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

Core tip: Until today, the relationship between autoimmune pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer was not clear, and there are no studies in this regard. We are reporting a very unusual cause of pancreatic cancer triggered in a previously unknown IgG4-related disease and conducted an up-to-date literature review.

INTRODUCTION

IgG4-mediated disease is a systemic condition that can manifest in various clinical forms, including autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP type 1) and IgG4-related cholangiopathy[1-3]. It is well known that chronic pancreatitis is a physiopathological model for pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAC), but there is no firm evidence that AIP can serve as a pathway for pancreatic neoplasm[4]. We are reporting a very unusual cause of pancreatic cancer (PC) triggered in a previously unknown IgG4-related disease.

CASE PRESENTATION

Chief complaints

Upper abdominal pain, pruritus and jaundice.

History of past illness

The patient had history of smoking, ischemic cardiomyopathy and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

History of present illness

A Caucasian 75-year-old man was diagnosed with pancreatic tumor in another center. Upon endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and plastic biliary stenting (7-Fr × 10 cm), the patient was referred to our institution for further treatment. Upon discussion in a multidisciplinary oncology meeting, surgical exploration was decided under the presumption of a potentially resectable PAC of the head and uncinate process. No preoperative biopsy was performed.

Physical examination

Physical examination was relevant for jaundice, minor skin lesions due to scratching and a mild upper abdominal tenderness without peritoneal signs.

Laboratory testing

Plasma laboratory was positive for total bilirubin: 7.6 mg/dL; direct bilirubin: 4.0 mg/dL; alkaline phosphatase: 900 IU; and plasma CA 19-9: 1380 IU.

Imaging examination

Abdominal computed tomography scan revealed a 43 mm × 33 mm mass embracing the pancreatic head and uncinate process with an uncertain superior mesenteric vein abutment. No metastatic disease was found in the routine work-up (Figure 1).

Figure 1

Coronal projection of the preoperative abdominal computed tomography scan. A: The pancreatic head tumor can be appreciated; B: Orange arrow showing the plastic stent placed in the bile duct before referral.

FINAL DIAGNOSIS

Early PC within a probable IgG4-related disease pancreatic mass.

TREATMENT

A pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure) was performed.

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

Surgery was carried out uneventfully, and the patient was discharged on the 7th day after surgery. Histopathology of the surgical specimen revealed a well differentiated acinar cell PC with negative margins. No perivascular or perineural invasion was observed, and none of the fourteen resected lymph nodes were positive for malignancy. Thirty days after surgery, the patient presented at the Emergency Department with fever, jaundice and a noteworthy asthenia. Laboratory exams revealed total bilirubin: 14.0 mg/dL; direct bilirubin: 8.6 mg/dL; alkaline phosphatase: 950 IU; aspartate aminotransferase: 147 IU; and alanine amino-transferase: 56 IU.

A magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography showed intrahepatic bile duct dilation with a biliary stenosis extending from the hepatic carrefour to the hepatojejunostomy. Presuming an anastomotic stricture, a percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography was done, followed by insertion of an internal/external, 8.5-Fr biliary drainage with the pigtail locked into the jejunal loop. Plasma bilirubin worsened, reaching levels of total bilirubin: 20 mg/dL and direct bilirubin: 11 mg/dL at 7 d post procedure. The 8.5-Fr drain was replaced by a 10.2-Fr drain, but no improvement occurred.

A new magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography revealed persistent intrahepatic bile duct dilation and a common bile duct stricture from the biliary confluence to the anastomosis with an eccentric parietal growth from the common bile duct (Figure 2). On histopathological revision of the resected specimen and surrounding the neoplastic lesion, pathologic characteristics of IgG4-related disease could be recognized. There was an intense lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate predominantly on a periductal fashion, a trabecular fibrotic pattern and focal vascular structures with obliterative phlebitis.

Figure 2

Magnetic resonance cholangio-pancreatography showing parietal concentric ingrowth of the main bile duct with stenosis from the hepatic carrefour up to the hepaticojejunostomy with dilatation of intrahepatic bile ducts. A: Axial T2 with concentric parietal growth; B: Diffusion-weighted imaging b800. Hyperintensity; C: Apparent diffusion coefficient with hyperintensity; D: Axial T1 without contrast; E: Axial in a portal phase; F: Three dimensional cholangiography showing dilation of intrahepatic ducts superior to the hepatic carrefour with stenosis from the carrefour up to the anastomosis.

After immunohistochemical evaluation, most of the plasma cells were IgG positive with more than 50 IgG4 positive plasma cells/high power field and an IgG4/IgG ratio greater than 40% (Figure 3). Because the lesion met most of the Honolulu Criteria a diagnosis of acinar cell pancreatic cancer in a context of a probable IgG4-related disease was made[5]. The clinical context in addition to the histopathology and immunohistochemistry allowed inferring a systemic IgG4-related disease. Autoimmune cholangiopathy was then presumed, which mandated starting steroid therapy with 0.6 mg/kg-body-weight of meprednisone daily (40 mg daily). Upon 7 d of treatment, liver function tests normalized, and all symptoms disappeared allowing gradual reduction in meprednisone dosage up to 8 mg daily.

Figure 3

Histopathological analysis of the surgical specimen. A: Limits between normal pancreatic tissue and carcinoma (hematoxylin and eosin 40 ×); B: Lymphoplasmacytic peritumoral infiltration (hematoxylin and eosin 100 ×); C: Plasmacytic peritumoral infiltration (hematoxylin and eosin 400 ×); D: Immunohistochemistry with IgG positive plasma cells; E: Immunohistochemistry with frequent IgG4 positive plasma cells.

DISCUSSION

The IgG4-related disease is considered a systemic condition, which has clinical manifestations in diverse organs. AIP and cholangiopathy are two of the many manifestations of this rare disorder[6]. Patients with AIP can often manifest a pancreatic mass simulating a PC. In this setting, the differential diagnosis is usually challenging and often confirmed after surgical resection[7,8].

In certain cases, determination of IgG4 serum level and the presence of a characteristic radiology may serve to differentiate between AIP and PC[9,10]. Even so, in the study reported by Pak et al[11], up to 9% of pancreatic masses due to PC have high serum IgG4. Therefore, overconfidence in this marker and the assumption that a pancreatic mass is an AIP may lead to dangerously misdiagnosing a PAC and consequently missing a curative chance. In the study by Macinga et al[12], their histopathology specimens of resected PAC were retrospectively analyzed. They found an impressive 40% of AIP coexisting with PAC. As the patient reported here presented with jaundice, weight loss, a pancreatic mass in the imaging studies and high CA 19-9 serum marker, a PC was assumed as the main diagnosis and neither specific autoimmunity studies nor a biopsy prior to surgery was performed.

After surgical resection of the mass and a confirmatory histopathology of acinar-cell PC, early jaundice occurred, which raised the suspicion of stricture of the biliodigestive anastomosis. However, the lack of response to effective biliary drainage as well as the development of new intrahepatic bile duct strictures led us to review the specific immunohistochemistry of the surgical specimen. Subsequent steroid therapy resulted in a spectacular improvement of cholestasis, confirming the diagnosis. Until today, the relationship between AIP and PC was not clear, and there are no studies in this regard[13].

Furthermore, in a recent review by Okamoto et al[4], not only the correlation between these entities is refused, but also AIP is considered as a paraneoplastic syndrome of PC and not its determinant. There is agreement that chronic inflammation is a major determinant of biliopancreatic malignancies due to chronic pancreatitis and autoimmune cholangiopathy being well recognized risk factors[14]. Therefore, it may not be surprising that a causal association in the natural history of AIP can be established with precision in the future.

An unsettled issue is how to differentiate patients who are in an intermediate stage; that is, determining who carries a pancreatic mass or a biliary stricture that will progress to malignancy. This is mandatory to provide each patient the best available treatment. Improving knowledge on this unusual disease may result in an earlier diagnosis and a timely therapy.

CONCLUSION

All efforts must be addressed to correctly diagnose patients with suspected IgG4-related disease so as to offer them the most appropriate and timely treatment. Misdiagnosing an AIP with a mass and a PC could be catastrophic. On the other hand, performing a pancreaticoduodenectomy in a patient with a pancreatitis is not harmless, even in specialized centers. Thus, further studies to determine a precise causal correlation between AIP and PC are needed.