Internal fluid pressure influences muscle contractile force.

Fluid fills intracellular, extracellular, and capillary spaces within muscle. During normal physiological activity, intramuscular fluid pressures develop as muscle exerts a portion of its developed force internally. These pressures, typically ranging between 10 and 250 mmHg, are rarely considered in mechanical models of muscle but have the potential to affect performance by influencing force and work produced during contraction. Here, we test a model of muscle structure in which intramuscular pressure directly influences contractile force. Using a pneumatic cuff, we pressurize muscle midcontraction at 260 mmHg and report the effect on isometric force. Pressurization reduced isometric force at short muscle lengths (e.g., -11.87% of P0 at 0.9 L0), increased force at long lengths (e.g., +3.08% of P0 at 1.25 L0), but had no effect at intermediate muscle lengths ∼1.1-1.15 L0 This variable response to pressurization was qualitatively mimicked by simple physical models of muscle morphology that displayed negative, positive, or neutral responses to pressurization depending on the orientation of reinforcing fibers representing extracellular matrix collagen. These findings show that pressurization can have immediate, significant effects on muscle contractile force and suggest that forces transmitted to the extracellular matrix via pressurized fluid may be important, but largely unacknowledged, determinants of muscle performance in vivo.