Hongyu Chen1, Sanjeev Kumar Awasthi2, Tao Liu2, Yumin Duan2, Xiuna Ren2, Zengqiang Zhang3, Ashok Pandey4, Mukesh Kumar Awasthi5. 1. College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China; Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin Altensteinstr. 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany. 2. College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China. 3. College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China. Electronic address: zhangzq58@126.com. 4. Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology, Lucknow 226 001, India; Department of Civil and Environmental Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea. Electronic address: ashokpandey1956@gmail.com. 5. College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China; Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, 50190 Borås, Sweden. Electronic address: mukesh_awasthi45@yahoo.com.
Abstract
The effects of chicken manure biochar (CMB) and chicken manure integrated microbial consortium (CMMC) as co-amendments were assessed on compost maturity and reduction of greenhouse gases and ammonia (NH3) emissions during chicken manure composting. Composting was conducted using six combinations of CMB and CMCC (0 % CMB + 0 % CMMC, 0 % CMB + 10 % CMMC, 2 % CMB + 10 % CMMC, 4 % CMB + 10 % CMMC, 6 % CMB + 10 % CMMC, 10 % CMB + 10 % CMMC added on a dry weight basis) in six polyvinyl chloride composting reactors for 42 days under an aerobic environment. Co-amendment of CMB and CMMC extended the thermophilic stage and promoted compost maturity. The release of greenhouse gases [nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4)] and NH3 from treatments co-amended by CMB and CMMC were reduced by 19.0-27.4 %, 9.3-55.9 % and 24.2-56.9 %, respectively, compared with the control. In addition, a redundancy analysis showed that the C/N ratio and temperature had a significant relationship with greenhouse gases and NH3 emissions among all physiochemical characteristics.
The effects of chicken manure biochar (n class="Chemical">CMB) and chicken manure integrated microbial consortium (CMMC) as co-amendments were assessed on compost maturity and reduction of greenhouse gases and ammonia (NH3) emissions during chicken manure composting. Composting was conducted using six combinations of CMB and CMCC (0 % CMB + 0 % CMMC, 0 % CMB + 10 % CMMC, 2 % CMB + 10 % CMMC, 4 % CMB + 10 % CMMC, 6 % CMB + 10 % CMMC, 10 % CMB + 10 % CMMC added on a dry weight basis) in six polyvinyl chloride composting reactors for 42 days under an aerobic environment. Co-amendment of CMB and CMMC extended the thermophilic stage and promoted compost maturity. The release of greenhouse gases [nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4)] and NH3 from treatments co-amended by CMB and CMMC were reduced by 19.0-27.4 %, 9.3-55.9 % and 24.2-56.9 %, respectively, compared with the control. In addition, a redundancy analysis showed that the C/N ratio and temperature had a significant relationship with greenhouse gases and NH3 emissions among all physiochemical characteristics.