Photothermal modeling and characterization of graphene plasmonic waveguides for optical interconnect.

The photothermal properties of graphene plasmonic waveguides (GPWs) are numerically investigated, while most of existing studies focus on their optical properties. A three-dimensional (3D) coupled optical-thermal model based on finite element method (FEM) is presented. The graphene sheet is treated as an graphene equivalent impedance surface. Transient thermal responses and peak temperature of the GPWs are captured using time-domain FEM (TDFEM). The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by two examples of hybrid GPWs. Numerical results present the main factors that influence the photothermal properties of the GPWs, including the conductivity of graphene, and the wavelength and power density of incident light. The findings unveil that the temperature increase is an underlying factor influencing the maximum integration density of GPWs in optical interconnect.