| Literature DB >> 31875065 |
Pedro Reggiani Anzuatégui1,2, Luiz Antônio Munhoz da Cunha1,3, Glauco José Pauka Mello2, Edmar Stieven Filho1,3, Xavier Soler Graells1.
Abstract
Objective To develop a predictive model of early postoperative morbidity and mortality with the purpose of assisting in the selection of the candidates for spinal metastasis surgery. Methods A retrospective analysis of consecutive patients operated for metastatic spinal disease. The possible prognostic preoperative characteristics were gender, age, comorbidities, tumor growth rate, and leukocyte and lymphocyte count in the peripheral blood. The postoperative outcomes were 30-day mortality, 90-day mortality and presence of complications. A predictive model was developed based on factors independently associated with these three outcomes. The final model was then tested for the tendency to predict adverse events, discrimination capacity and calibration. Results A total of 205 patients were surgically treated between 2002 and 2015. The rates of the 30-day mortality, 90-day mortality and presence of complications were of 17%, 42% and 31% respectively. The factors independently associated with these three outcomes, which constituted the predictive model, were presence of comorbidities, no slow-growing primary tumor, and lymphocyte count below 1,000 cells/µL. Exposure to none, one, two or three factors was the criterion for the definition of the following categories of the predictive model: low, moderate, high and extreme risk respectively. Comparing the risk categories, there was a progressive increase in the occurrence of outcomes, following a linear trend. The discrimination capacity was of 72%, 73% and 70% for 30-day mortality, 90-day mortality and complications respectively. No lack of calibration occurred. Conclusion The predictive model estimates morbidity and mortality after spinal metastasis surgery and hierarchizes risks as low, moderate, high and extreme.Entities:
Keywords: comorbidity; lymphocytes; morbidity; mortality; neoplasm metastasis; postoperative complications; spine/surgery
Year: 2019 PMID: 31875065 PMCID: PMC6923646 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1697018
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Rev Bras Ortop (Sao Paulo) ISSN: 0102-3616
Comorbidity index
| • Diabetes |
General characteristics of the 205 patients who underwent surgery for vertebral metastasis
| Variables |
|
|---|---|
| Male gender | 114 (55%) |
| Age (years), mean ± standard deviation | 58.9 ± 13.3 |
| Deaths before discharge | 14 (7%) |
| Alive during data collection | 12 (6%) |
| Approach | |
| Cervical/cervicothoracic | 11 (5%) |
| Thoracic | 70 (34%) |
| Thoracolumbar | 71 (35%) |
| Lumbar/Lumbosacral | 49 (24%) |
| Multiple | 4 (2%) |
| Posterior approach | 201 (95%) |
| Primary tumor | |
| Prostate | 51 (24%) |
| Breast | 43 (21%) |
| Multiple myeloma | 26 (13%) |
| Unknown | 20 (10%) |
| Uterus | 12 (6%) |
| Other | 53 (25%) |
| Comorbidities | |
| Diabetes | 25 (12%) |
| Chronic lung disease | 20 (10%) |
| Cardiac insufficiency | 7 (3%) |
| Previous myocardial infarction | 5 (2%) |
| Cardiac arrhythmia | 4 (2%) |
| Other | 13 (6%) |
Incidence of complications after surgical treatment for vertebral metastasis
| Variables |
|
|---|---|
| Systemic | |
| Pneumonia | 14 (6.8) |
| Death by unknown cause | 11 (5.4) |
| Gastrointestinal bleeding | 4 (2.0) |
| Respiratory failure | 3 (1.5) |
| Renal insufficiency | 2 (1.0) |
| Sepsis with urinary focus | 1 (0.5) |
| Sepsis with unknown focus | 1 (0.5) |
| Other | 4 (2.0) |
| Subtotal | 40 (19.5) |
| Local Complications | |
| Wound infection | 20 (9.8) |
| Dehiscence | 2 (1.0) |
| Hematoma | 1 (0.5) |
| Neurological worsening | 1 (0.5) |
| Subtotal | 24 (11.7) |
| Infectious | 36 (17.5) |
| Non-infectious | 28 (13.7) |
| Grade III | 19 (9.3) |
| Grade IV | 45 (21.9) |
| Total | 64 (31.2) |
Note: According to Rampersaud et al, 16 grade-III complication requires significant treatment (such as unexpected surgery or readmission, for example ), increasing the hospital stay by more than 7 days and/or causing sequelae for more than 6 months. Grade-IV complication is one that results in death.
Bivariate analysis of preoperative characteristics as possible prognostic factors of early morbidity and mortality after surgical treatment for vertebral metastasis
| Characteristic |
| Odds ratio for mortality at 30 days (CI) | Odds ratio for mortality at 90 days (CI) | Odds ratio for incidence of complications (CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 91 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Male | 114 | 1.00* (0.48–2.06) | 1.05* (0.60–1.83) | 1.15* (0.63–2.10) |
| Age (years) | ||||
| < 70 | 157 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| ≥ 70 | 48 | 2.94*** (1.37–6.31) | 2.08** (1.08–4.00) | 3.13**** (1.60–6.14) |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Absent | 140 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Present | 65 | 2.60*** (1.24–5.41) | 2.87**** (1.57–5.27) | 2.61*** (1.40–4.88) |
| Slow-growing primary tumor | ||||
| Yes | 124 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| No | 81 | 2.21** (1.07–4.59) | 3.79**** (2.10–6.85) | 2.48*** (1.35–4.56) |
| Leukocytes (µL) | ||||
| < 13,000 | 165 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| ≥ 13,000 | 40 | 1.78* (0.77–4.08) | 3.17*** (1.54–6.52) | 1.81* (0.88–3.74) |
| Lymphocytes (µL) | ||||
| ≥ 1,000 | 154 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| < 1,000 | 51 | 3.06*** (1.44–6.52) | 1.96** (1.03–3.72) | 2.71*** (1.40–5.25) |
Abbreviations: CI, 95% confidence interval; Ref., reference variable.
Note: Values of p : * if p > 0.05; ** if p between 0.05 and 0.01; *** if p between 0.01 and 0.001; **** if p < 0.001.
Multivariate analysis of preoperative characteristics as possible prognostic factors of early morbidity and mortality after surgical treatment for vertebral metastasis
| Characteristic | n (%) | Odds ratio for mortality at 30 days (CI) | Odds ratio for mortality at 90 days (CI) | Odds ratio for incidence of complications (CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | ||||
| < 70 | 157 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| ≥ 70 | 48 | 2.73** (1.20–6.20) | 2.06* (0.98–4.36) | 3.15*** (1.51–6.59) |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Absent | 140 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Present † | 65 | 2.33** (1.07–5.07) | 2.60*** (1.33–5.12) | 2.37** (1.21–4.65) |
| Slow-growing primary tumor | ||||
| Yes | 124 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| No † | 81 | 2.56** (1.17–5.62) | 4.30**** (2.23–8.30) | 3.07*** (1.56–6.04) |
| Leukocytes (µL) | ||||
| < 13,000 | 165 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| ≥ 13,000 | 40 | –– | 2.94** (1.29–6.70) | –– |
| Lymphocytes (µL) | ||||
| ≥ 1,000 | 154 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| < 1,000 † | 51 | 3.07*** (1.37–6.87) | 2.19** (1.06–4.51) | 2.84*** (1.37–5.85) |
Abbreviations: CI, 95% confidence interval; Ref., reference variable.
Notes: † Characteristic included in the predictive model (PM) by the association with the three outcomes. Values of p : * if p > 0.05; ** if p between 0.05 and 0.01; *** if p between 0.01 and 0.001; **** if p < 0.001.
Predictive model
| Risk factors | Present factors | Risk category |
|---|---|---|
| • Presence of at least one comorbidity | 0 | Low |
| 1 | Moderate | |
| 2 | High | |
| 3 | Extreme |
Fig. 1Survival at 90 days postoperatively according to the presence of comorbidities.
Fig. 2Survival at 90 days postoperatively according to the velocity of tumor progression.
Fig. 3Survival at 90 days postoperatively according to the preoperative lymphocyte count in the peripheral blood.
Fig. 4Early morbidity and mortality after surgical treatment for vertebral metastasis, according to the proposed predictive model (PM).
Fig. 5Survival at 90 days postoperatively according to the proposed predictive model (PM).
Índice de comorbidades
| • Diabetes |
Características gerais dos 205 pacientes submetidos a cirurgia para metástase vertebral
| Variável |
|
|---|---|
| Sexo masculino | 114 (55%) |
| Idade (anos), média ± desvio padrão | 58,9 ± 13,3 |
| Óbitos antes da alta | 14 (7%) |
| Vivos durante a coleta dos dados | 12 (6%) |
| Abordagem | |
| Cervical/cervicotorácica | 11 (5%) |
| Torácica | 70 (34%) |
| Toracolombar | 71 (35%) |
| Lombar/lombossacra | 49 (24%) |
| Múltipla | 4 (2%) |
| Via de acesso posterior | 201 (95%) |
| Tumor primário | |
| Próstata | 51 (24%) |
| Mama | 43 (21%) |
| Mieloma múltiplo | 26 (13%) |
| Desconhecido | 20 (10%) |
| Útero | 12 (6%) |
| Outros | 53 (25%) |
| Comorbidades | |
| Diabetes | 25 (12%) |
| Doença pulmonar crônica | 20 (10%) |
| Insuficiência cardíaca | 7 (3%) |
| Infarto do miocárdio prévio | 5 (2%) |
| Arritmia cardíaca | 4 (2%) |
| Outras | 13 (6%) |
Incidência de complicações após tratamento cirúrgico para metástase vertebral
| Variáveis |
|
|---|---|
| Sistêmicas | |
| Pneumonia | 14 (6,8) |
| Óbito de causa desconhecida | 11 (5,4) |
| Hemorragia digestiva | 4 (2,0) |
| Insuficiência respiratória | 3 (1,5) |
| Insuficiência renal | 2 (1,0) |
| Sepse de foco urinário | 1 (0,5) |
| Sepse de foco desconhecido | 1 (0,5) |
| Outras | 4 (2,0) |
| Subtotal | 40 (19,5) |
| Complicações Locais | |
| Infecção de ferida | 20 (9,8) |
| Deiscência | 2 (1,0) |
| Hematoma | 1 (0,5) |
| Piora neurológica | 1 (0,5) |
| Subtotal | 24 (11,7) |
| Infecciosas | 36 (17,5) |
| Não infecciosas | 28 (13,7) |
| Grau III | 19 (9,3) |
| Grau IV | 45 (21,9) |
| Total | 64 (31,2) |
Nota: Segundo Rampersaud et al, 16 a complicação de grau III requer tratamento significativo (cirurgia inesperada ou reinternação, por exemplo), aumentando o tempo de permanência hospitalar por mais de 7 dias e/ou causando sequela por mais de 6 meses. A complicação grau IV é aquela que resulta em óbito.
Análise bivariada de características pré-operatórias como possíveis fatores prognósticos de morbimortalidade precoce após tratamento cirúrgico para metástase vertebral
| Característica |
| Razão de probabilidades para mortalidade em 30 dias (IC) | Razão de probabilidades para mortalidade em 90 dias (IC) | Razão de probabilidades para incidência de complicação (IC) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sexo | ||||
| Feminino | 91 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Masculino | 114 | 1,00* (0,48–2,06) | 1,05* (0,60–1,83) | 1,15* (0,63–2,10) |
| Idade (anos) | ||||
| < 70 | 157 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| ≥ 70 | 48 | 2,94*** (1,37–6,31) | 2,08** (1,08–4.00) | 3,13**** (1,60–6,14) |
| Comorbidades | ||||
| Ausente | 140 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Presente | 65 | 2,60*** (1,24–5,41) | 2,87**** (1,57–5,27) | 2,61*** (1,40–4,88) |
| Tumor primário de progressão lenta | ||||
| Sim | 124 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Não | 81 | 2,21** (1,07–4,59) | 3,79**** (2,10–6,85) | 2,48*** (1,35–4,56) |
| Leucócitos (µL) | ||||
| < 13.000 | 165 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| ≥ 13.000 | 40 | 1,78* (0,77–4,08) | 3,17*** (1,54–6,52) | 1,81* (0,88–3,74) |
| Linfócitos (µL) | ||||
| ≥ 1.000 | 154 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| < 1.000 | 51 | 3,06*** (1,44–6,52) | 1,96** (1,03–3,72) | 2,71*** (1,40–5,25) |
Abreviaturas: IC, intervalo de confiança de 95%; Ref., variável de referência.
Nota: Valores de p : * se p > 0,05; ** se p entre 0,05 e 0,01; *** se p entre 0,01 e 0,001; **** se p < 0,001.
Análise multivariada de características pré-operatórias como possíveis fatores prognósticos de morbimortalidade precoce após tratamento cirúrgico para metástase vertebral
| Característica | n (%) | Razão de probabilidades para mortalidade em 30 dias (IC) | Razão de probabilidades para mortalidade em 90 dias (IC) | Razão de probabilidades para incidência de complicação (IC) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Idade (anos) | ||||
| < 70 | 157 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| ≥ 70 | 48 | 2,73** (1,20–6,20) | 2,06* (0,98–4,36) | 3,15*** (1,51–6,59) |
| Comorbidades | ||||
| Ausente | 140 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Presente † | 65 | 2,33** (1,07–5,07) | 2,60*** (1,33–5,12) | 2,37** (1,21–4,65) |
| Tumor primário de progressão lenta | ||||
| Sim | 124 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Não † | 81 | 2,56** (1,17–5,62) | 4,30**** (2,23–8,30) | 3,07*** (1,56–6,04) |
| Leucócitos (µL) | ||||
| < 13.000 | 165 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| ≥ 13.000 | 40 | –– | 2,94** (1,29–6,70) | –– |
| Linfócitos (µL) | ||||
| ≥ 1.000 | 154 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| < 1.000 † | 51 | 3,07*** (1,37–6,87) | 2,19** (1,06–4,51) | 2,84*** (1,37–5,85) |
Abreviaturas: IC, intervalo de confiança de 95%; Ref., variável de referência.
Notas: † Característica incluída no modelo preditivo (MP) pela associação com os três desfechos. Valores de p : * se p > 0,05; ** se p entre 0,05 e 0,01; *** se p entre 0,01 e 0,001; **** se p < 0,001.
Modelo preditivo
| Fatores de risco | Fatores presentes | Categoria de risco |
|---|---|---|
| • Presença de pelo menos uma comorbidade | 0 | Baixo |
| 1 | Moderado | |
| 2 | Alto | |
| 3 | Extremo |
Fig. 1Sobrevida em 90 dias de pós-operatório de acordo com a presença de comorbidades.
Fig. 2Sobrevida em 90 dias de pós-operatório de acordo com a velocidade de progressão tumoral.
Fig. 3Sobrevida em 90 dias de pós-operatório de acordo com a contagem pré-operatória de linfócitos no sangue periférico.
Fig. 4Morbimortalidade precoce após tratamento cirúrgico para metástase vertebral, de acordo com o modelo preditivo (MP) proposto.
Fig. 5Sobrevida em 90 dias de pós-operatório de acordo com o modelo preditivo (MP) proposto.