Literature DB >> 31859787

Performance evaluation of an indirect immunofluorescence kit for the serological diagnosis of dengue.

Karina Emy Arai1, Carolina Rodrigues Dal Bo1, Ana Paula Marques Aguirra da Silva2, Silvia Sanches Rodrigues2, Cristóvão Luis Pitangueira Mangueira2.   

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance of indirect immunofluorescence for serological diagnosis of dengue virus in a population with high prevalence of arboviruses.
METHODS: Two-hundred serum samples from patients with clinical suspicion of dengue fever were tested by immunoenzymatic and indirect immunofluorescence assay BIOCHIP® mosaic. Specificity, sensitivity and Kappa coefficient were calculated. Discordant samples were tested by polymerase chain reaction for confirmation.
RESULTS: Of the 200 samples, 20% were positive and 80% negative for anti-dengue virus IgM antibodies in the immunoenzymatic test. Of the 40 positives, 25% were negative in indirect immunofluorescence. Of these ten discordant results, only 20% were also negative in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Of the 160 negatives in the immunoenzymatic test, 5% were positive in indirect immunofluorescence. Of these nine discordant results, 33% were positive in the PCR. The Kappa coefficient was 0.7 (0.572-0.829). Sensitivity and specificity of indirect immunofluorescence were respectively 75% and 94%. For anti-dengue virus IgG antibodies, of the 200 samples, 15.5% were positive and 84.5% were negative in the immunoenzymatic test. Of the 31 positives, 12.9% were negative in indirect immunofluorescence. Of these four discordant results, 25% were negative in the PCR. Of the 169 negatives, 8% were positive in indirect immunofluorescence. Of these 14 discordant results, 64% were also positive in the PCR. The Kappa coefficient was 0.695 (0.563-0.83). Sensitivity and specificity of indirect immunofluorescence were 87.1% and 91.7%, respectively.
CONCLUSION: For diagnosis of acute infection, the immunoenzymatic test is enough, and the use of additional methods is not warranted. Replacing the immunoenzymatic test by indirect immunofluorescence would compromise the sensitivity for IgM. However, indirect immunofluorescence can distinguish three arboviruses simultaneously, an advantage during concomitant epidemics.

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Year:  2019        PMID: 31859787      PMCID: PMC6910063          DOI: 10.31744/einstein_journal/2020AO5078

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  Einstein (Sao Paulo)        ISSN: 1679-4508


INTRODUCTION

Dengue fever, an arbovirus infection predominantly transmitted by vectors of the Aedes aegypti species, is a serious public health issue in Brazil, with seasonal epidemics virtually across the entire national territory.() The country recorded 572,308 probable cases in 2014; 1,621,797 in 2015; 1,483,623 in 2016; 251,711 in 2017 and 265,934 in 2018.(–) All four serotypes of the dengue virus are present in Brazil. Laboratory screening for the dengue virus mostly involves techniques of viral isolation, identification of dengue virus (DENV)-specific antibodies using serologic tests, direct identification of viral RNA, and detection of the NS1 antigen.(–) The serologic diagnosis of acute infection is based on detection of DENV-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM), detectable in 93% of cases, 6 to 10 days after the onset of fever.() Dengue virus-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) can be detected in current infections if, at the time the test is performed, seroconversion has already taken place, and is otherwise useful to check for past infections. The IgG avidity test helps differentiate between primary and secondary infections by the dengue virus.() The Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is currently the most commonly used serologic test in clinical laboratories. It is a simple, quick test requiring limited high-tech equipment.(–) During an epidemic, the ELISA assay can quickly determine the extent of transmission. In dengue-endemic areas, this test can be used to screen a large number of serum samples at low costs.() Indirect immunofluorescence is another serologic method to identify dengue virus-specific IgM and IgG antibodies, however few studies(,) have investigated the use of this test. Most serologic tests available in clinical laboratories in Brazil were developed abroad, and their validation studies were frequently conducted in populations in which the disease is not highly prevalent and which have not experienced concomitant outbreaks of other arboviruses, such as Zika and Chikungunya, and this could lead to false-positive results for dengue virus due to cross-reactive antibodies, hindering diagnosis.() During the dengue fever epidemics in 2016, a new indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) test, the BIOCHIP® mosaic developed in Germany and promising to serologically detect the dengue, Zika and Chikungunya viruses, was released in Brazil to compete with ELISA assays, which had been used as routine for a longer time.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the diagnostic performance of an indirect immunofluorescence assay for serologic diagnosis of the dengue virus in a population with high prevalence of arboviruses, in comparison with the ELISA serologic test.

METHODS

We used 200 serum samples from routine testing at the Clinical Laboratory of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (HIAE), collected in 2014 and sent to the laboratory due to clinical suspicion of infection by the dengue virus. Samples were characterized at the time as negative or positive for dengue virus using ELISA (Foccus, USA). All samples were tested with the BIOCHIP® mosaic IIF technique (Euroimmun, Germany). The appropriate statistical tools (EP Evaluator software) were used to calculate pre-test probabilities: sensitivity (diagnostic test's ability to detect true positive) and specificity (diagnostic test's ability to detect true negative). We also calculated post-test probabilities: positive predictive value (rate of patients with positive tests who effectively have the disease according to the gold standard test), negative predictive value (rate of patients with negative tests who effectively do not have the disease according to the gold standard test). Finally, we calculated accuracy, which is the probability of the test providing correct results, and the Kappa coefficient, a measure of the level of agreement between two methods, adjusted by the odds, i.e., it informs the non-random chance, ranging from −1 to 1, where 0.00 is no agreement, 0.00-0.20 is poor agreement, 0.21-0.40 fair agreement, 0.41-0.60 moderate agreement, 0.61-0.80 good agreement, 0.81-0.99 very good agreement, and 1 is perfect agreement.(,) In samples for which the two methods were discordant, we used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as a confirmatory diagnostic method. Polymerase chain reaction is a molecular assay which quantitatively detects DENV RNA, and is considered the gold standard, since it can effectively prove that the virus is present in the body. However, it has limitations, including its high cost, which prevents it from being routinely used for screening in laboratories.() This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, CAAE: 83521718.5.0000.0071, opinion nº 2.909.625.

RESULTS

Of the 200 samples studied, 40 (20%) were classified as positive and 160 (80%) as negative for anti-DENV IgM antibodies, in the reference ELISA test. Of the 40 positive samples, 10 (25%) were negative in the IIF test; of these 10 discordant samples, only 2 (20%) were also negative in the PCR. However, of the 160 negative samples in the reference ELISA, 9 (5%) were positive in the IIF test; of these 9 discordant samples, 3 (33%) were positive for DENV in the PCR (Table 1).
Table 1

Detection of anti-dengue virus IgM antibodies in the ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence tests

IgM indirect immunofluorescenceIgM ELISATotal
PositiveNegative
Positive30939
Negative10151161
Total40160200
When the Kappa test was used on results from both assays, an agreement level of 0.7 (0.572-0.829) was found. Sensitivity and specificity of indirect immunofluorescence was 75% and 94%, respectively. The positive predictive value of IIF was 76.9%, the negative predictive value was 93.7%, and the accuracy, 90.5%. For anti-DENV IgG antibodies, of the 200 serum samples, 31 (15.5%) were classified as positive and 169 (84.5%) as negative, in the ELISA test. Of the 31 positive samples, 4 (12.9%) were negative in the IIF test; of these 4 discordant samples, only 1 (25%) had undetectable DENV in the PCR. However, of the 169 negative samples, 14 (8%) were positive in the IIF test; of these 14 discordant samples, 9 (64%) were also positive in the PCR (Table 2).
Table 2

Detection of anti-dengue virus IgG antibodies. Comparison between ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence results

IgG indirect immunofluorescenceIgG ELISATotal
ReagentNon reagent
Reagent271441
Non reagent4155159
Total31169200
When the Kappa test was used on results from both assays, an agreement level of 0.695 (0.563-0.83) was found. The sensitivity and specificity of indirect immunofluorescence was 87.1% and 91.7%, respectively. The positive predictive value of IIF was 65.8%, the negative predictive value was 97.4%, and accuracy, 91%.

DISCUSSION

The level of agreement, as verified by the Kappa coefficient, between the new IIF test and the test used as reference ELISA was acceptable, attesting to the good performance of the new test. However, PCR, which was the method used to confirm the presence of viral antigens in samples for which the two methods were discordant, showed higher agreement with ELISA in most cases, except those with negative ELISA and positive IIF for anti-DENV IgG antibodies (false-positive IgG), where the PCR was 64% concordant with indirect immunofluorescence.

CONCLUSION

Indirect immunofluorescence has acceptable performance, however, for clinically relevant situations, when diagnosing acute infection (detection of IgM antibodies), ELISA alone is sufficient for serologic diagnosis, and the use of an additional method is not warranted. Replacing ELISA with indirect immunofluorescence, in turn, could compromise diagnostic sensitivity, increasing the number of false-negative samples for IgM.

INTRODUÇÃO

A dengue, uma arbovirose transmitida predominantemente por vetores da espécie Aedes aegypti, é um grave problema de saúde pública no Brasil, causando epidemias sazonais em praticamente todo o território nacional.() Foram registrados, no país, 572.308 casos prováveis em 2014, 1.621.797 em 2015, 1.483.623 em 2016, 251.711 em 2017 e 265.934 em 2018.(–) Todos os quatro sorotipos do vírus da dengue são encontrados no Brasil. O diagnóstico laboratorial de dengue envolve principalmente técnicas como isolamento viral, identificação de anticorpos específicos para o vírus da dengue (DENV) pelos testes sorológicos, identificação direta do RNA viral e detecção do antígeno NS1.(–) O diagnóstico sorológico da infecção aguda se baseia na detecção da imunoglobulina M (IgM) específica para DENV, que é detectável, em 93% dos casos, entre 6 a 10 dias após o aparecimento da febre.() A imunoglobulina G (IgG) específica para DENV pode ser identificada em infecções atuais se, no momento da realização do teste, já tiver ocorrido a soroconversão, sendo útil para identificação de infecções passadas de dengue. O teste de avidez de IgG auxilia na diferenciação entre infecção primária ou secundária de dengue.() O ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA - Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) se tornou o teste sorológico mais utilizado nos laboratórios clínicos. É um teste simples, rápido e que requer poucos equipamentos de alta tecnologia.(–) Durante uma epidemia, o ELISA consegue determinar rapidamente o quão difundida a transmissão se tornou. Em áreas endêmicas de dengue, esse teste pode ser usado para rastreio de um grande número de amostras sorológicas a baixo custo.() A imunofluorescência indireta é outro método sorológico que pode ser usado para identificar IgM e IgG específicos para dengue, e há poucos estudos(,) que avaliam o uso desse teste. A maioria dos testes sorológicos disponíveis nos laboratórios clínicos brasileiros foi desenvolvida fora do país, com estudos de validação frequentemente realizados em populações de baixa prevalência da doença e que não experimentaram surtos concomitantes de outras arboviroses, como Zika ou Chikungunya, que podem levar a resultados falso-positivos de dengue por reação cruzada de anticorpos, dificultando seu diagnóstico.() Durante o surto epidêmico de dengue em 2016, um novo teste comercial de imunofluorescência indireta (IFI) mosaico BIOCHIP®, que promete diferenciar sorologicamente infecções por dengue, Zika e Chikungunya, desenvolvido na Alemanha, foi lançado no mercado brasileiro, competindo com os testes de ELISA utilizados rotineiramente há mais tempo.

OBJETIVO

Avaliar o desempenho diagnóstico de um teste de imunofluorescência indireta para o diagnóstico sorológico de dengue em uma população com alta prevalência de infecções por arbovírus comparando com o teste sorológico ELISA.

MÉTODOS

Foram utilizadas 200 amostras de soro provenientes da rotina do Laboratório Clínico do Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (HIAE), colhidas no ano de 2014 e encaminhadas ao laboratório, após suspeita clínica de infecção por dengue. As amostras foram caracterizadas à época como negativas ou positivas para dengue por ELISA (Foccus, EUA). Todas as amostras foram testadas pelo teste de IFI Mosaico BIOCHIP® (Euroimmun, Alemanha). Utilizando ferramentas estatísticas adequadas (software EP Evaluator), foram calculadas as probabilidades pré-teste: sensibilidade (capacidade que o teste diagnóstico apresenta de detectar os indivíduos verdadeiramente positivos) e especificidade (capacidade que o teste diagnóstico tem de detectar os verdadeiros negativos). Também foram calculadas probabilidades pós-teste: valor preditivo positivo (proporção de pacientes com teste positivo que efetivamente têm a doença de acordo com o teste padrão-ouro), valor preditivo negativo (proporção de pacientes que são negativos no teste e que efetivamente não têm a doença de acordo com o teste padrão-ouro). Por fim, foram calculados a acurácia, que é a probabilidade de o teste fornecer resultados corretos, e o coeficiente Kappa, uma medida de concordância entre dois métodos ajustada pela chance, ou seja, informa a proporção de concordância não aleatória, variando de −1 a 1, sendo, 0,00 para nenhuma concordância, 0,00-0,20 para concordância fraca, 0,21-0,40 para concordância sofrível, 0,41-0,60 para concordância regular, 0,61-0,80 para boa concordância, 0,81-0,99 para ótima concordância e 1 para concordância perfeita.(,) Nas amostras discordantes entre os dois métodos, realizou-se a pesquisa do vírus por reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) como método diagnóstico confirmatório. O PCR é um teste molecular que faz uma detecção quantitativa do RNA do DENV, sendo considerado o padrão-ouro, uma vez que comprova a presença viral no organismo. Contudo, apresenta desvantagem, como possuir um alto custo, o que impede seu uso rotineiro como rastreio nos laboratórios.() Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa do Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, CAAE: 83521718.5.0000.0071, parecer número 2.909.625.

RESULTADOS

Das 200 amostras estudadas, 40 (20%) foram classificadas como positivas e 160 (80%) como negativas para anticorpos IgM contra o DENV (anti-DENV), empregando-se o teste de referência ELISA. Entre as 40 amostras positivas, 10 (25%) foram negativas no teste de IFI; destas 10 amostras discordantes, apenas 2 (20%) eram também negativas para dengue ao PCR. Por outro lado, das 160 amostras negativas no teste de referência ELISA, 9 (5%) foram positivas quando se empregou o teste de IFI; dessas 9 discordantes, 3 (33%) tiveram DENV detectado ao PCR (Tabela 1).
Tabela 1

Detecção de anticorpos IgM antivírus da dengue por meio do teste de ELISA e da imunofluorescência indireta

Imunofluorescência indireta IgMELISA IgMTotal
PositivoNegativo
Positivo30939
Negativo10151161
Total40160200
Aplicando-se o teste Kappa ao conjunto de resultados dos dois ensaios, observou-se índice de concordância de 0,7 (0,572-0,829). A sensibilidade e a especificidade relativas da IFI foram, respectivamente, 75% e de 94%. O valor preditivo positivo da IFI foi 76,9%, o valor preditivo negativo da IFI foi 93,7% e a acurácia, 90,5%. Para anticorpos IgG anti-DENV, de 200 amostras de soro, 31 (15,5%) foram classificadas como positivas e 169 (84,5%) como negativas, empregando-se o teste de ELISA. Das 31 amostras positivas, 4 (12,9%) foram negativas no teste de IFI; dessas 4 discordantes, apenas 1 (25%) apresentou DENV não detectado ao PCR. Por outro lado, das 169 amostras negativas, 14 (8%) foram positivas no teste de IFI avaliado; destas 14 discordantes, 9 (64%) foram positivas também ao PCR (Tabela 2).
Tabela 2

Detecção de anticorpos IgG antivírus da dengue. Comparação entre resultados obtidos empregando-se ELISA e imunofluorescência indireta

Imunofluorescência Indireta IgGELISA IgGTotal
ReagenteNão reagente
Reagente271441
Não reagente4155159
Total31169200
Aplicando-se o teste Kappa ao conjunto de resultados dos dois ensaios, observou-se índice de concordância de 0,695 (0,563-0,83). A sensibilidade e a especificidade relativas da IFI foram, respectivamente, de 87,1% e de 91,7%. O valor preditivo positivo da IFI foi 65,8%, o valor preditivo negativo da IFI foi 97,4% e a acurácia, 91%.

DISCUSSÃO

A concordância, verificada pelo índice Kappa, entre o novo teste realizado por IFI e o teste utilizado como referência ELISA foi aceitável, demonstrando bom desempenho do novo teste. Entretanto, a comparação com os resultados de PCR, método utilizado como confirmatório da presença de antígenos virais nas amostras com resultados discordantes entre os dois métodos, demonstrou maior concordância com o ELISA na maioria dos casos, exceto nos casos negativos por ELISA e positivos por IFI para anticorpos IgG anti-DENV (falso-positivos IgG), em que o resultado do PCR foi 64% coincidente com a imunofluorescência indireta.

CONCLUSÃO

A imunofluorescência indireta possui desempenho aceitável, mas, para as situações de relevância clínica, no diagnóstico de infecção aguda (detecção de anticorpos IgM), a utilização apenas do teste de ELISA seria suficiente para o diagnóstico sorológico, não se justificando a incorporação de mais um método. Por outro lado, a substituição do teste de ELISA pela imunofluorescência indireta poderia comprometer a sensibilidade diagnóstica, aumentando o número de amostras falso-negativas para IgM.
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