Kari Kubalanza1, Gottfried E Konecny1,2. 1. Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine. 2. Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To summarize recently discovered PARP inhibitor resistance mechanisms and highlight the clinical relevance of these findings to date. RECENT FINDINGS: A predominant mechanism of acquired PARP inhibitor resistance in homologous recombination-deficient cancers is the acquisition of homologous recombination proficiency as a consequence of secondary genetic or epigenetic events, such as secondary mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2, or reversal of BRCA1 promoter methylation that restores homologous recombination and leads to PARP inhibitor resistance. Multiple other potential mechanisms of acquired resistance to PARP inhibitors including loss of DNA end resection inhibition (53BP1/REV7/RIF1/Sheldin) or DNA replication fork protection (PTIP/EZH2), but also increased drug efflux or induction of a reversible senescent or mesenchymal cell state have been described in ovarian cancer models. However, only few of these mechanisms have been identified in clinical samples. SUMMARY: Multiple adaptive responses following PARP inhibitor treatment have been identified. Further research is needed to better understand what role these mechanisms play for clinical PARP inhibitor resistance and how these mechanisms may render ovarian cancer cells susceptible to subsequent novel combination therapies.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To summarize recently discovered PARP inhibitor resistance mechanisms and highlight the clinical relevance of these findings to date. RECENT FINDINGS: A predominant mechanism of acquired PARP inhibitor resistance in homologous recombination-deficient cancers is the acquisition of homologous recombination proficiency as a consequence of secondary genetic or epigenetic events, such as secondary mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2, or reversal of BRCA1 promoter methylation that restores homologous recombination and leads to PARP inhibitor resistance. Multiple other potential mechanisms of acquired resistance to PARP inhibitors including loss of DNA end resection inhibition (53BP1/REV7/RIF1/Sheldin) or DNA replication fork protection (PTIP/EZH2), but also increased drug efflux or induction of a reversible senescent or mesenchymal cell state have been described in ovarian cancer models. However, only few of these mechanisms have been identified in clinical samples. SUMMARY: Multiple adaptive responses following PARP inhibitor treatment have been identified. Further research is needed to better understand what role these mechanisms play for clinical PARP inhibitor resistance and how these mechanisms may render ovarian cancer cells susceptible to subsequent novel combination therapies.