Pretreatment Hemoglobin Adds Prognostic Information To The NCCN-IPI In Patients With Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Treated With Anthracycline-Containing Chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Hemoglobin (Hgb) concentration at diagnosis is associated with outcome in cancer. In a recently reported simplified 3-factor prognostic score in Hodgkin lymphoma, Hgb, along with age and clinical stage, outperformed the classical International Prognostic Score with seven parameters.
METHODS: In the present study, we investigated if pretherapeutic Hgb concentration added prognostic information to the NCCN-IPI in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. We included patients from the Danish Lymphoma Registry (LYFO; N = 3499) and from the Molecular Epidemiology Resource (MER; N = 1225), Mayo Clinic and University of Iowa. Four sex-specific Hgb groups were defined: below transfusion threshold, from transfusion threshold to below lower limit of normal, from lower limit of normal to the population mean, and above the mean. We used multivariable Cox regression to estimate the hazard rate ratios (HR) and 95% CIs for overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS), adjusting for sex, NCCN-IPI, comorbidity, and rituximab treatment.
RESULTS: Approximately half of the patients had Hgb levels below the lower limit of normal. Compared to patients with Hgb levels above the mean, an inferior OS was directly correlated with lower pretreatment Hgb within the predefined groups (HR=1.23, HR=1.51, and HR=2.05, respectively). These findings were validated in the MER.
CONCLUSION: Based on multivariable analysis, lower pretreatment Hgb, even within the normal range but below the mean, added prognostic information to established indices such as the NCCN-IPI and the Charlson comorbidity index.

Introduction

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most frequent lymphoid malignancy among adults.1 It is primarily a disease of the elderly but it occurs in all age groups and extranodal involvement is present in up to a third of the cases.1,2 At the time of diagnosis, almost half of patients with DLBCL have a hemoglobin (Hgb) concentration fulfilling the definition of anemia.3–7 Anemia is associated with decreased life expectancy in many cancers.8 Pretreatment anemia is included as an adverse factor in prognostic indices for lymphoid malignancies other than DLBCL, e.g., the International Prognostic Score for advanced Hodgkin lymphoma (IPS) and the Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (FLIPI).9,10 Notably, the prognostic importance of anemia was not examined in the large international patient cohorts used to establish the International Prognostic Index (IPI) or the subsequent National Comprehensive Cancer Network International Prognostic Index (NCCN-IPI) developed to reflect the introduction of rituximab in the first-line treatment of DLBCL.11,12 Anemia has previously been associated with features of high-risk disease in DLBCL such as bone marrow infiltration and elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).3,4 A possible prognostic relevance of Hgb levels in newly diagnosed patients with DLBCL may be clinically useful in order to improve risk-adapted management strategies. Therefore, we investigated the impact of pretreatment Hgb levels on the prognosis of newly diagnosed DLBCL patients treated with anthracycline-containing regimens and validated our findings in an independent cohort from the USA.

Methods

Data from two registries with prospective inclusion of DLBCL patients were used for this study. For discovery, we used the Danish Lymphoma Registry (LYFO).

Discovery Cohort - LYFO

This study was approved by the Danish Data Protection Agency (1-16-02-562-13) and the Danish Health and Medicines Authority (3-3013-1079/1/).

Patients registered in the LYFO with DLBCL between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2012, were included if they were registered with a diagnosis of de novo DLBCL (patients had neither a past diagnosis of indolent lymphoma or composite/discordant lymphoma), did not have primary CNS-lymphoma, and had received anthracycline-containing chemotherapy with or without the addition of rituximab. The International Classification of Disease for Oncology, third edition histology codes (ICD-O-3) for DLBCL (9680), was used to identify all patients with DLBCL. The LYFO registry prospectively includes all patients with lymphoid malignancies referred to hematology departments in Denmark and has had nationwide coverage since 2000.13 Recently, LYFO was described to include 98% of all lymphomas in Denmark with a completeness of registered variables of 99% and positive predictive values for variables ranging from 88% to 99%.14 Treatment data are registered according to the type of chemo- and immunotherapy, date of start and end of treatment, and the number of treatment courses administered.14 In the present study, chemotherapy regimens included were: CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone), CHOEP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, etoposide, vincristine, prednisone), and more intensive anthracycline-containing regimens. In order to maximize the completeness of treatment data, we combined the information contained in the LYFO registry with treatment information from the Danish National Patient Registry (DNPR). The DNPR is an administrative register that contains individual data on diagnoses, treatments, and time periods for each contact with the public health care system.15 Pathology reports of the primary as well as the relapse biopsies were retrieved from the Danish National Pathology Registry, which contains detailed descriptions of all pathology specimens analyzed in Denmark since 1997.16

Exposures

Values of pretreatment Hgb and LDH were collected from regional laboratory systems of the five administrative health regions of Denmark.17 For two regions, all laboratory measurements were retrieved from a common clinical laboratory information database. For the remaining three regions, laboratory data were obtained directly from the departments of clinical biochemistry of the treating centers. We categorized Hgb levels according to four sex-specific Hgb groups (in g/L for males, females) as below the transfusion threshold (<98, <98), from transfusion threshold to below lower limit of normal (98–133, 98–117), from lower limit of normal to the population mean (134–149, 118–134), and above the mean (>149, >134).18,19 If more than one value of Hgb was registered in the time frame between 14 days prior to the diagnostic biopsy and the date of treatment start, we used the lowest of these values. This was done in order to minimize the risk of misclassifying patients to a higher pretreatment Hgb subgroup due to blood transfusion.

Covariates

The NCCN-IPI categories were calculated as described in the original publication with a score of 0–1 for low, 2–3 low-intermediate, 4–5 high-intermediate, and ≥6 for high risk.12 A Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) was computed based on diagnoses recorded for the individual patient in the DNPR up to 10 years prior to the date of DLBCL diagnosis.20,21 We used the same 19 diagnoses as in the original CCI publication and defined three levels of comorbidity: CCI score 0 (no comorbidity), 1–2 (moderate), or >2 (severe).20 The use of DNPR data to estimate comorbidity has previously been validated for the time period covering this study.22

Data on vital status (dead/alive) were obtained by linking the LYFO registry to The Danish Civil Registration System, which contains daily updated vital status on all Danish citizens. This register operates through a unique 10-digit personal identification number and contains several demographic parameters thoroughly described in a previous report.23

Validation Cohort – MER

From the Molecular Epidemiology Resource (MER), we obtained data on DLBCL patients to validate our findings. This study was reviewed and approved by the human subject’s institutional review boards at the Mayo Clinic and the University of Iowa. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Briefly, consecutive patients with newly diagnosed lymphoma were prospectively enrolled from 2002 to 2015; for this analysis, we included DLBCL patients enrolled through 2013 who were treated with an anthracycline-based immunochemotherapy regimen.24,25 Patients with primary CNS lymphoma, posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders, and primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma were excluded. Baseline clinical, laboratory, and treatment data were abstracted from medical records by using a standard protocol. Disease progression/relapse, retreatment, and death were prospectively collected and validated by medical record review. Event-free survival (EFS) was defined as the time from the date of diagnosis (date from the first biopsy specimen containing lymphoma) to disease progression, retreatment, or death due to any cause. Cell of origin (COO) was determined from clinical results based on the Hans algorithm.26

Statistics

Patient baseline characteristics were presented as proportions for categorical variables and as a range with median and interquartile range (IQR) for continuous variables. Overall survival (OS) was calculated from the date of primary biopsy to the date of death or end of follow-up (February 18, 2016) and EFS was calculated from primary biopsy to the date of progression, death or last follow-up. We used Kaplan–Meier curves and Cox proportional hazard regression to assess the association of Hgb levels with OS and EFS.27,28 Cox models were adjusted for NCCN-IPI, rituximab treatment (LYFO only), sex, and level of comorbidity. We also conducted analyses stratified by sex, age, treatment, and NCCN-IPI (grouped as low and low-intermediate risk vs high-intermediate and high risk). The proportional hazard assumption was evaluated graphically with log minus log plots and was accepted. To evaluate for nonlinear associations of Hgb levels with OS, we used a restricted cubic spline with knots at the Hgb percentiles 5, 17.5, 50, 67.5, and 95 and stratified by sex.29 As a reference, we used the mean Hgb value for the Scandinavian background population reported by three previous studies.18,19,30 Only patients with available Hgb values were included in the discovery analysis. In a separate analysis, we used multiple imputation to account for missing values for Hgb or NCCN-IPI parameters. This was performed using chained equations under the assumption that data were missing at random.31

For validation in the MER, we used MER-specific Hgb cut-points and presented KM curves and Cox models, both unadjusted and adjusted for sex, NCCN-IPI and comorbidity (none vs any). All estimates were presented with 95% CI.

Statistical analyses were done using Stata14 (Stata Statistical Software: Release 14.2 College Station, TX: StataCorp LP). We used the STROBE and RECORD statements to guide our report of the study.32,33

Results

Discovery

Through the LYFO registry, we identified 4765 patients with DLBCL and 3499 fulfilled the inclusion criteria for the analysis. shows the algorithm leading to the study cohort. Baseline demographic characteristics are summarized in Table 1. The median age at diagnosis was 65 years (range 15–95; IQR 56–73) and the majority of the patients were men (56%). Regarding the NCCN-IPI, 424 patients (12.1%) had a low, 1382 (39.5%) a low-intermediate, 1216 (34.8%) a high-intermediate, and 422 (12.1%) a high-risk NCCN-IPI profile. The majority of patients received a combination of rituximab and CHOP/CHOP-like chemotherapy 2615 (75%).

Table 1

Clinical Features And Treatment Background According To Pretreatment Hgb Subgroups (Discovery Cohort)

	>149/134a		134-149/118-133		98-133/98-117b		<98		Total
Age, median (range), years	62 (19-88)		65 (15-93)		66 (16-95)		67 (19-88)		65 (15-95)
Age group	No.	(%)	No.	(%)	No.	(%)	No.	(%)	No.	(%)
<41 years	68	(9)	81	(7)	85	(7)	18	(5)	252	(7)
41-60	266	(35)	351	(31)	332	(27)	89	(24)	1038	(30)
61-75	321	(43)	482	(43)	565	(45)	176	(48)	1544	(44)
>75 years	100	(13)	218	(19)	264	(21)	83	(23)	665	(19)
Sex
Female	395	(52)	564	(50)	407	(33)	176	(48)	1542	(44)
Male	360	(48)	568	(50)	839	(67)	190	(52)	1957	(56)
Ann Arbor stage
I - II	478	(63)	576	(51)	388	(31)	79	(22)	1521	(43)
III-IV	277	(37)	556	(49)	858	(69)	287	(78)	1978	(57)
High risk extra nodal disease
Not present	624	(83)	819	(72)	677	(54)	146	(40)	2266	(65)
Present	131	(17)	313	(28)	562	(45)	217	(59)	1223	(35)
Missing	0	(0)	0	(0)	7	(1)	3	(1)	10	(<1)
Bone marrow
No	707	(94)	1016	(90)	1002	(80)	259	(71)	2984	(85)
Yes	48	(6)	116	(10)	240	(19)	107	(29)	511	(15)
Missing	0	(0)	0	(0)	4	(<1)	0	(0)	4	(<1)
Level of LDH above
LDH-R ≤1	503	(67)	620	(55)	415	(33)	84	(23)	1622	(46)
LDH-R >1-3	218	(29)	442	(39)	662	(53)	211	(58)	1533	(44)
LDH-R >3	19	(3)	45	(4)	146	(12)	65	(18)	275	(8)
Missing	15	(2)	25	(2)	23	(2)	6	(2)	69	(2)
Performance Status
PS 0-1	710	(94)	1002	(89)	896	(72)	201	(55)	2809	(80)
PS >1	42	(6)	126	(11)	341	(27)	158	(43)	667	(19)
Missing	3	(<1)	4	(<1)	9	(1)	7	(2)	23	(1)
NCCN risk groups
Low risk	180	(24)	161	(14)	50	(4)	9	(2)	400	(11)
Low–Intermediate risk	387	(51)	518	(46)	403	(32)	57	(16)	1365	(39)
High-Intermediate risk	143	(19)	362	(32)	568	(46)	184	(50)	1257	(36)
High risk	29	(4)	62	(5)	190	(15)	105	(29)	386	(11)
Missing	16	(2)	29	(3)	35	(3)	11	(3)	91	(3)
Rituximab treatment
no	207	(27)	284	(25)	293	(24)	99	(27)	883	(25)
yes	548	(73)	848	(75)	953	(76)	267	(73)	2616	(75)
Comorbidity (CCI)
No comorbidity (0)	523	(69)	659	(58)	648	(52)	189	(52)	2019	(58)
Moderate comorbidity (1-2)	189	(25)	334	(30)	413	(33)	120	(33)	1056	(30)
Severe comorbidity (>2)	43	(6)	139	(12)	185	(15)	57	(16)	424	(12)
Total	755	(100)	1132	(100)	1246	(100)	366	(100)	3499	(100)

Notes: aHgb cutoff value for men/Hgb cutoff value for women, bHgb range for men/Hgb range for women.

Abbreviations: Hgb, pretreatment hemoglobin; NCCN-IPI, National Comprehensive Cancer Network International Prognostic Index; CCI, Charlson comorbidity index. High-risk extranodal disease; presence of extranodal lymphomatous involvement in bone marrow, CNS, liver/GI tract, or lung.

At diagnosis, anemia was present in 1612 (46%) patients, with 1246 (36%) in the range from the transfusion threshold to the lower limit of normal and 366 (11%) below the transfusion threshold. Lower pretreatment Hgb levels were associated with older age, male sex, advanced clinical stage, extranodal disease, bone marrow infiltration, high LDH, PS ≥2, higher NCCN-IPI score, and higher CCI. Anemia was more frequent in men (Table 1, and ); although there was no difference in the frequency of bone marrow infiltration among sexes, neither overall (15% men vs 14% women) nor within the two anemia subsets, i.e., “below transfusion threshold” (31% men vs 28% women) and “between transfusion threshold and lower limit of normal” (19% men vs 20% women).

At a median follow-up time of 7.9 years (IQR 5.3 −10.8), 1820 events had occurred. Five-year OS was 79% (95% CI 76–82) for patients with Hgb above the mean, 71% (95% CI 68–73) for those with Hgb in the normal range but at or below the mean, 54% (95% CI 51–57) for patients with Hgb below the normal range to or at the transfusion threshold, and 37% (95% CI 32–42) for patients with Hgb below the transfusion threshold (Figure 1).

Figure 1

Five-year OS for all patients, according to pretreatment Hgb subgroups (training cohort).

Abbreviations: Hgb, pretreatment hemoglobin cutoff value or range in men/pretreatment hemoglobin cutoff value or range in women; OS, overall survival.

The calculated crude and adjusted hazard ratios (HR) are summarized in Table 2. Compared to patients with Hgb above the mean, the other three groups in decreasing order of Hgb levels had inferior OS (HR=1.23, 95% CI 1.01–1.49; HR=1.51, 95% CI 1.25–1.83; and HR=2.05 95% CI 1.65–2.56, respectively) after adjustment for sex, NCCN-IPI, rituximab treatment, and comorbidity. Similar results were observed for EFS (Table 2). In the model with imputed values, accounting for missing information for both exposure (n=32) and covariates (n=91), results compared well to the results obtained without imputation in both the crude and adjusted analysis ().

Table 2

Crude And Adjusted HRs For OS According To Hgb For Both LYFO And MER

Hgb (LYFO)	5-year OS			OS Unadjusted			OS Multivariablea				5-Year EFS		EFS Multivariable
N	%	95% CI	HR		95% CI	N		HR	95% CI	%	95% CI	HR	95% CI
>149/>134b	755	79	71–82	1.00		Ref.	739		1.00	Ref.	73	70–76	1.00	Ref.
134–149/118–134c	1132	71	68–73	1.52		1.26–1.85	1103		1.23	1.01–1.49	64	61–67	1.19	1.01–1.42
98–133/98–117c	1246	54	51–57	2.74		2.29–3.27	1211		1.51	1.25–1.83	49	46–52	1.46	1.23–1.73
<98	366	37	32–42	4.51		3.67–5.55	355		2.05	1.65–2.56	33	28–37	1.96	1.60–2.41
Hgb (MER)
>145/>135b	322	84	80–88	1.00		Ref.	322		1.00	Ref.	73	68–78	1.00	Ref.
135–144/120–134c	285	75	70–80	1.54		1.12–2.12	285		1.43	1.03–1.97	64	59–70	1.30	0.99–1.70
99–134/99–119c	482	65	60–69	2.31		1.75–3.06	482		1.53	1.14–2.05	51	47–56	1.32	1.03–1.68
<99	136	63	55–73	2.48		1.72–3.57	136		1.27	0.86–1.86	45	37–56	1.33	0.97–1.83

Notes: aAdjusted for NCCN-IPI, sex, comorbidity, and rituximab treatment, bHgb cutoff value for men/Hgb cutoff value for women, cHgb range for men/Hgb range for women.

Abbreviations: Hgb, pretreatment hemoglobin; OS, overall survival; EFS, event-free survival; ref, reference; HRs, hazard rate ratios.

To estimate the Hgb association for selected subgroups, we conducted analyses stratified on age, sex, and rituximab treatment (Table 3). Regarding age strata (≤60 vs >60 years), an association of lower Hgb concentrations with inferior OS was observed in both strata but was more prominent in patients above 60 years. Similarly, the association of lower Hgb levels and poorer OS was also observed when stratifying for sex. Interestingly, this association was stronger in men (Table 3). To analyze the influence on mortality of Hgb concentrations, considered as a continuous variable, we used cubic splines with knots at Hgb percentiles 5, 17.5, 50, 67.5, and 95 (Figure 2).

Table 3

Five-Year OS And Adjusted HRs Stratified On Selected Factors In The Discovery Cohort

	5-Year OS			Multivariable Modela
	N	%	95% CI	N	HR	95% CI
Women	1542			1507
134b	395	77	72–81	388	1.00	Ref.
118–134b	564	69	65–72	551	1.11	0.86–1.44
98–117b	407	58	53–62	395	1.24	0.95–1.62
<98	176	41	34–48	173	1.50	1.10–2.03
Men	1957			1901
>149b	360	83	78–86	330	1.00	Ref.
134–149c	568	73	69–76	552	1.39	1.02–1.89
98–133c	839	52	49–56	816	1.88	1.41–1.94
<98	190	34	27–41	182	2.85	2.05–3.96
<61 years	1291			1226
>149b/>134b	334	88	84–91	330	1.00	Ref.
134–149/118–134c	432	86	83–89	420	0.82	0.54–1.25
98–133/98–117c	417	71	66–75	409	1.25	0.84–1.86
<98	108	47	38–56	106	2.35	1.52–3.71
≥61 years	2208			2143
>149b/>134b	421	66	63–69	409	1.00	Ref.
134–149/118–134c	700	57	52–62	683	1.38	1.10–1.73
98–133/98–117c	829	55	47–62	802	1.70	1.36–2.12
<98	258	46	37–54	249	2.12	1.64–2.72
CHOP	883			865
>149b/>134b	207	73	67–79	206	1.00	Ref.
134–149/118–134c	284	65	59–70	275	1.07	0.76–1.49
98–133/98–117c	293	48	42–53	287	1.11	0.80–1.55
<98	99	28	20–37	97	1.64	1.12–2.40
R-CHOP	2616			2543
>149b/>134b	548	76	74–78	533	1.00	Ref.
134–149/118–134c	848	66	61–70	828	1.30	1.02–1.67
98–133/98–117c	953	65	58–71	924	1.73	1.37–2.19
<98	267	51	43–60	258	2.21	1.68–2.90

Notes: Adjusted for NCCN-IPI, comorbidity, sex, and rituximab treatment except for factor stratified on. bHgb cutoff value for men/Hgb cutoff value for women, cHgb range for men/Hgb range for women.

Abbreviations: Hgb, pretreatment hemoglobin; OS, overall survival; ref, reference; HR, hazard rate ratios.

Figure 2

Restricted cubic splines describing hazard rate ratios (___) and 95% CI (- - -) for 5-year mortality as a function of pretreatment Hgb concentration for (A) men and (B) women, adjusted for NCCN-IPI, comorbidity, and rituximab treatment. Knots are placed at percentiles 5, 17.5, 50, 67.5, and 95.

This showed that there was an almost linear association of Hgb level and mortality below the 50th Hgb percentile for both men and women. Notably, the cubic spline analysis demonstrated that also a Hgb concentration in the lower end of the normal range was associated with increased mortality. In a further analysis, we stratified patients according to whether they received rituximab in their primary treatment. The association between Hgb levels and OS was present in both treatment groups but was stronger for rituximab-treated patients. This observation finally, when stratifying NCCN-IPI risk groups, the association of OS with Hgb level was evident for both strata (low/low-intermediate vs high-intermediate/high risk) (Figure 3).

Figure 3

Five-year OS for low vs high NCCN-IPI risk groups (A) and according to hemoglobin (Hgb) subgroups in R-CHOP/R-CHOP-like treated patients (B and C). [training cohort].

Abbreviations: Hgb, cutoff value or range in men/Hgb cutoff value or range in women; OS, overall survival; NCCN-IPI, National Comprehensive Cancer Network International Prognostic Index.

To illustrate the ability of Hgb levels to add prognostic information to an established index such as the NCCN-IPI, a comparison can be drawn to the NCCN-IPI low-intermediate risk group. The 5-year OS reported for this group in the original NCCN-IPI publication was 82%. In our cohort, the corresponding value for the same risk group according to the four Hgb subsets (in decreasing order of Hgb concentration) was 83% (95 CI% 78–87), 79% (95 CI% 74–82), 68% (95 CI% 63–73), and 49% (95 CI% 34–62), respectively.

Patient Characteristics In The Validation Dataset

Patients in the validation cohort had a median age of 63 years (range 18–93 years: IQR 54–72), slightly younger than the LYFO. In the MER, men were also more likely to have lower Hgb at diagnosis and were otherwise comparable regarding comorbidity, NCCN-IPI, and other clinical baseline characteristics (). The NCCN-IPI risk group distribution was: 10.6% low, 39.3% low-intermediate, 40.8% intermediate-high, and 9.2% high. All patients in the validation cohort received immunochemotherapy with rituximab in combination with a CHOP/CHOP-like regimen. The same sex-related differences in anemia occurrence were also found in the validation cohort ( and ). Similar findings for OS were obtained from the analysis of the validation cohort (Table 2), both overall () and stratified by NCCN-IPI (), although the outcome of the lowest Hgb group was better than in the LYFO. Compared to patients with Hgb above the mean, the next two groups in decreasing order of Hgb levels had inferior OS (HR=1.43, 95% CI 1.03–1.97 and HR=1.53, 95% CI 1.14–2.05, respectively) after adjustment for sex, NCCN-IP,I and any comorbidities, while the risk estimate for the lowest Hgb levels was attenuated and not statistically significant (HR=1.27, 95% CI 0.86–1.86).

In the MER cohort, 70% of the cases had COO data available (). Patients with lower Hgb were more likely to have a non-GCB signature (50%), while the opposite was observed for patients with Hgb above mean (25%). Overall, 35% of the patients were classified as non-GCB.

Discussion

In this study of prospectively collected data, we found that lower Hgb concentration was associated with increased mortality both in the discovery cohort from LYFO and in the validation cohort from the US. Most provocatively, patients with Hgb below the mean but still within the normal range also had inferior OS compared to the reference group (normal values at or above the mean).

Strengths of this study include the population-based design through linkage of high-quality data from both regional and national registries, homogeneous treatments based on national recommendations, and a near-complete follow-up. Moreover, we were able to validate our findings in an independent cohort of community-based participants. As in all observational studies, some limitations have to be considered. We identified the patients using the LYFO register which captures virtually every patient diagnosed with lymphoma in Denmark. A validation analysis of this registry showed that the number of patients who escaped registration was very low (1.6%) and primarily consisted of low-grade lymphomas.14 With regard to the information on follow-up time and vital status, accuracy was secured on the basis of the daily updates performed by the Danish Civil Registration System.23 Thus, selection bias in our discovery study cohort is likely to be minor. In terms of potential misclassification of Hgb values, a Scandinavian quality control study on Hgb measurements from different Scandinavian laboratories, including those relevant to the present study, found that all values were within ±2% of the mean for all measurements.19 Regarding Hgb measurements in the MER, they were performed as part of routine evaluation of a new lymphoma. Furthermore, we were able to adjust for known prognostic factors included in well-established international prognostic indices and, in addition to LYFO, we also had access to data allowing us to adjust for comorbidity. A parameter, which could not be elucidated reliably in the LYFO, was the COO. In the MER, the Hans classifier was used to determine COO, and non-GCB patients overall had lower Hgb than those with GCB phenotype. Two studies have not found an association between Hgb and COO, which might be explained by lack of power to detect a difference.

In previous reports, anemia was found at variable frequencies (34%–77%) among patients with DLBCL.4–7,34 In contrast to these studies, where Hgb concentrations were dichotomized (anemic vs nonanemic), we examined Hgb concentrations across the range of values both within the normal range and at two levels of anemia (i.e., at or above and below transfusion threshold). Through this approach, we demonstrated a pattern of association between decreasing pretreatment Hgb concentrations and increased mortality in the study population. The underlying explanation for this association is not clear. The same applies to the observed sex-related differences, where anemia seemed to have a stronger adverse impact on men. The latter cannot be explained as being related to comorbidity since the prevalence of mild and severe comorbidity was similar for men and women. Other factors such as body mass index and menopausal status may play a role in this context. Age imbalances cannot explain this either, since men had a lower median age (64 vs 66 years). A higher impact of treatment-related toxicity and a possible hypoxia-induced lower treatment sensitivity, for example in cases with bulky disease, may also be considered as possible contributing factors. Although not previously described in lymphoma, the latter consideration is well recognized in solid tumors such as head-and-neck cancer.35 Furthermore, the additional prognostic information of hemoglobin concentration found in the present study may suggest the existence of a specific biology behind the not otherwise specified DLBCL-associated pretreatment anemia. For instance, extranodal disease was present in 17% vs 59% of patients in the highest vs lowest Hgb group, an observation not explained by bone marrow infiltration alone (6% vs 29%). The causality of this observation cannot be determined within the present study, but could for example be either: 1) extranodal lymphoma leads to anemia via inflammation or 2) the biology of a specific subgroup of DLBCL increases the likelihood of dissemination to extra-nodal sites and anemia merely represents an epiphenomenon, both manifestations could also be mediated by inflammation.36

In the light of an increasing number of experimental treatment options in both fit and frail DLBCL patients, the allocation to risk-adapted treatment strategies is necessary and it may be improved by the addition of an easily accessible and broadly available parameter such as Hgb.