Malene Thygesen1, Gitte Juel Holst2, Birgitte Hansen3, Camilla Geels4, Amy Kalkbrenner5, Diana Schendel6, Jørgen Brandt4, Carsten Bøcker Pedersen7, Søren Dalsgaard8. 1. National Centre for Register-based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, School of Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus and Copenhagen, Denmark; Centre for Integrated Register Based Research, CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Denmark. Electronic address: mthygesen@econ.au.dk. 2. National Centre for Register-based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, School of Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Public Health, Section of Environment, Occupation and Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. 3. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, GEUS, Denmark. 4. Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Denmark. 5. Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA. 6. National Centre for Register-based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, School of Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus and Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. 7. National Centre for Register-based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, School of Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus and Copenhagen, Denmark; Centre for Integrated Register Based Research, CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Denmark; Big Data Centre for Environment and Health, BERTHA, Aarhus University, Denmark. 8. National Centre for Register-based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, School of Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus and Copenhagen, Denmark; Centre for Integrated Register Based Research, CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Denmark.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Exposure to air pollution in early life has been linked to cognitive deficits and adverse neurodevelopmental effects. However, studies examining associations between air pollutants and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have had conflicting findings. METHODS: Individuals born in Denmark 1992-2007 (n = 809,654) were followed for the development of ADHD from 1997 to 2013. Data on daily concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from air-modeling data at a 1 km × 1 km resolution at residences within the first five years of life, was linked with population-based data from the Danish national registers, including data on clinical diagnoses of ADHD. We estimated incidence rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for ADHD, according to increases in exposures, adjusting for age, year, sex, and parental education and income. RESULTS: Exposure to NO2 and PM2.5 during early life was associated with a significantly increased risk of ADHD: IRR of 1.38 (Cl: 1.35 to 1.42) per 10 μg/m3 increase in NO2 and an IRR of 1.51 (Cl: 1.41 to 1.62) per 5 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5. In two-pollutant models, the association between NO2 and ADHD did not change (IRR 1.35; 95% CI: 1.31 to 1.39), while the association with PM2.5 was substantially attenuated (IRR 1.07; 95% CI: 0.98 to 1.16), although in stratified models an elevated association with PM2.5 was found in the lowest quintile of NO2 exposure. CONCLUSIONS: In this large nationwide prospective cohort study, residential air pollution exposure, specifically NO2, during early childhood was associated with the development of ADHD, even when adjusted for parental level of income and education.
BACKGROUND: Exposure to air pollution in early life has been linked to cognitive deficits and adverse neurodevelopmental effects. However, studies examining associations between air pollutants and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have had conflicting findings. METHODS: Individuals born in Denmark 1992-2007 (n = 809,654) were followed for the development of ADHD from 1997 to 2013. Data on daily concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from air-modeling data at a 1 km × 1 km resolution at residences within the first five years of life, was linked with population-based data from the Danish national registers, including data on clinical diagnoses of ADHD. We estimated incidence rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for ADHD, according to increases in exposures, adjusting for age, year, sex, and parental education and income. RESULTS: Exposure to NO2 and PM2.5 during early life was associated with a significantly increased risk of ADHD: IRR of 1.38 (Cl: 1.35 to 1.42) per 10 μg/m3 increase in NO2 and an IRR of 1.51 (Cl: 1.41 to 1.62) per 5 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5. In two-pollutant models, the association between NO2 and ADHD did not change (IRR 1.35; 95% CI: 1.31 to 1.39), while the association with PM2.5 was substantially attenuated (IRR 1.07; 95% CI: 0.98 to 1.16), although in stratified models an elevated association with PM2.5 was found in the lowest quintile of NO2 exposure. CONCLUSIONS: In this large nationwide prospective cohort study, residential air pollution exposure, specifically NO2, during early childhood was associated with the development of ADHD, even when adjusted for parental level of income and education.
Authors: Guilherme Polanczyk; Maurício Silva de Lima; Bernardo Lessa Horta; Joseph Biederman; Luis Augusto Rohde Journal: Am J Psychiatry Date: 2007-06 Impact factor: 18.112
Authors: Michelle L Block; Alison Elder; Richard L Auten; Staci D Bilbo; Honglei Chen; Jiu-Chiuan Chen; Deborah A Cory-Slechta; Daniel Costa; David Diaz-Sanchez; David C Dorman; Diane R Gold; Kimberly Gray; Hueiwang Anna Jeng; Joel D Kaufman; Michael T Kleinman; Annette Kirshner; Cindy Lawler; David S Miller; Srikanth S Nadadur; Beate Ritz; Erin O Semmens; Leonardo H Tonelli; Bellina Veronesi; Robert O Wright; Rosalind J Wright Journal: Neurotoxicology Date: 2012-09-05 Impact factor: 4.294
Authors: Ditte Demontis; Raymond K Walters; Joanna Martin; Manuel Mattheisen; Thomas D Als; Esben Agerbo; Gísli Baldursson; Rich Belliveau; Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm; Marie Bækvad-Hansen; Felecia Cerrato; Kimberly Chambert; Claire Churchhouse; Ashley Dumont; Nicholas Eriksson; Michael Gandal; Jacqueline I Goldstein; Katrina L Grasby; Jakob Grove; Olafur O Gudmundsson; Christine S Hansen; Mads Engel Hauberg; Mads V Hollegaard; Daniel P Howrigan; Hailiang Huang; Julian B Maller; Alicia R Martin; Nicholas G Martin; Jennifer Moran; Jonatan Pallesen; Duncan S Palmer; Carsten Bøcker Pedersen; Marianne Giørtz Pedersen; Timothy Poterba; Jesper Buchhave Poulsen; Stephan Ripke; Elise B Robinson; F Kyle Satterstrom; Hreinn Stefansson; Christine Stevens; Patrick Turley; G Bragi Walters; Hyejung Won; Margaret J Wright; Ole A Andreassen; Philip Asherson; Christie L Burton; Dorret I Boomsma; Bru Cormand; Søren Dalsgaard; Barbara Franke; Joel Gelernter; Daniel Geschwind; Hakon Hakonarson; Jan Haavik; Henry R Kranzler; Jonna Kuntsi; Kate Langley; Klaus-Peter Lesch; Christel Middeldorp; Andreas Reif; Luis Augusto Rohde; Panos Roussos; Russell Schachar; Pamela Sklar; Edmund J S Sonuga-Barke; Patrick F Sullivan; Anita Thapar; Joyce Y Tung; Irwin D Waldman; Sarah E Medland; Kari Stefansson; Merete Nordentoft; David M Hougaard; Thomas Werge; Ole Mors; Preben Bo Mortensen; Mark J Daly; Stephen V Faraone; Anders D Børglum; Benjamin M Neale Journal: Nat Genet Date: 2018-11-26 Impact factor: 38.330
Authors: Marion Mortamais; Jesus Pujol; Barend L van Drooge; Didac Macià; Gerard Martínez-Vilavella; Christelle Reynes; Robert Sabatier; Ioar Rivas; Joan Grimalt; Joan Forns; Mar Alvarez-Pedrerol; Xavier Querol; Jordi Sunyer Journal: Environ Int Date: 2017-05-05 Impact factor: 13.352
Authors: Philip J Landrigan; Samantha Fisher; Maureen E Kenny; Brittney Gedeon; Luke Bryan; Jenna Mu; David Bellinger Journal: Environ Health Date: 2022-07-18 Impact factor: 7.123
Authors: Elizabeth L Berg; Lauren R Pedersen; Michael C Pride; Stela P Petkova; Kelley T Patten; Anthony E Valenzuela; Christopher Wallis; Keith J Bein; Anthony Wexler; Pamela J Lein; Jill L Silverman Journal: Transl Psychiatry Date: 2020-08-17 Impact factor: 6.222