Antibiotics: From the Beginning to the Future: Part 2.

We read, write, and discuss the option of adding new agents to the armamentarium of antibiotic therapy very frequently. However, the past and present has taught us that resistance is likely to develop to any and all kinds of antibiotics. Here we start with an overview of potential future antibiotics from novel sources and targets that may circumvent most known resistance mechanisms. The other future options for antibiotic discovery include antibiotic hybridization, harvesting, and modifying natural antimicrobial peptides from eukaryote and prokaryote organisms. Non bacteriostatic and bactericidal agents that have the potential of becoming therapeutic agents include bacterial attachment inhibitors, bacteriophages, and live microbial vectors. In this review, we have incorporated all the possible avenues that might be useful in the future. However, none is more important than relearning the judicious use of antibiotics based on microbiology, pharmacology, and genetics.