Stem cell-derived kidney organoids: engineering the vasculature.

Kidney organoids can be generated from human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) using protocols that resemble the embryonic development of the kidney. The renal structures thus generated offer great potential for disease modeling, drug screening, and possibly future therapeutic application. At the same time, use of these PSC-derived organoids is hampered by lack of maturation and off-target differentiation. Here, we review the main protocols for the generation of kidney organoids from human-induced PSCs, discussing their advantages and limitations. In particular, we will focus on the vascularization of the kidney organoids, which appears to be one of the critical factors to achieve maturation and functionality of the organoids.