Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is a common digestive system carcinoma, remaining one of the major factors of tumor deaths globally (1). As there are no obvious symptoms for early stage CRC, it is usually diagnosed at advanced stages (2). Although CRCpatients without metastases could be surgically cured, those in advanced stage are mainly treated with chemotherapy. Studies above indicated that chemotherapy has effective roles in preventing tumor metastasis, reducing the tumor volume and improving the clinic symptoms (3–6). However, most patients eventually develop drug resistance after chemotherapy treatment. Therefore, there is a great need for a continued effort to better understand the complexity of CRC development and to identify new directions for CRC therapy.Overwhelming evidence has shown that abnormal microRNA (miRNA/miR) expression mediated CRC development by affecting the expression of the genes which regulated tumor progression (7). miRNAs are highly conserved small non-coding RNAs, playing important functions in multiple biological processes (8,9). In recent years, miRNAs have been extensively studied in tumorigenesis, including in osteosarcoma (10), glioma (11) and breast cancer (12) research. These studies indicated that miRNAs were associated with tumor pathogenesis along with the potential to develop tumor therapeutics and diagnostics. However, miR-331-3p expression patterns in humanCRC and its biological mechanism still remained obscure.Neuropilin-2 (NRP2), a member of the NRPs family, is a nontyrosine kinase transmembrane glycoprotein (13) and characterized as a receptor for the vascular semaphorin (SEMA) families and endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (14). A number of studies have notably demonstrated that the NRP2 expression is ubiquitous in various tumor cells such as lung cancer (15), cervical cancer (16) and breast cancer (17). Therefore, it is imperative to understand the specific effects of NRP2 on tumor progression. Nevertheless, the expressions and functions of NRP2 in CRC remain largely unclear. In the present study, we evaluated NRP2 expression and investigated the correlations between miR-331-3p and NRP2 in CRC.
Materials and methods
CRC tissue samples
A total of 54 pairs of humanCRC tissues and matched normal tissues were collected from the Linyi Central Hospital (Linyi, China) between May 2016 and July 2018, with approval from the institutional Ethics Committee. Specimens were freshly frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C for further assays. Written informed consent from each patient was received before the samples were collected.
CRC cell culture
HumanCRC cells (SW480 and HCT116) as well as normal colon cells FHC were purchased from the Chinese Academy of Sciences Cell Bank of Type Culture Collection (Shanghai, China). The cells were cultured with RPMI-1640 medium containing FBS (10%), penicillin (100 U/ml) and streptomycin (100 mg/ml) in a humidified chamber (37°C, 5% CO2).
Cell transfection
miR-331-3p mimics or inhibitor as well as NRP2 siRNA and the corresponding controls were purchased from Gene Pharma (Shanghai, China) and transfected into CRC cell lines by Lipofectamine® 2000 (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) in strict accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
Reverse transcription (RT)-qPCR
TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) was used to isolate the total RNAs from CRC cell lines or tissue samples according to the manufacturer's guidelines. Then, the extracted total RNA was used to generate the cDNA with the PrimeScript RT reagent kit (Takara Biotechnology Co., Ltd.). The temperature conditions for reverse transcription were as follows: 37°C for 15 min and 85°C for 5 sec. Real-time PCR assays were conducted by SYBR® Premix Ex Taq™ (Takara Biotechnology Co., Ltd.) on the ABI 7900 Sequence Detection System (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). The miR-331-3p expression was normalized to U6 while the NRP2 was normalized to GAPDH. The primers used were as follows: For miR-331-3p: Forward, 5′-GAGCTGAAAGCACTCCCAA-3′ and reverse 5′-CACACTCTTGATGTTCCAGGA-3′; for U6 forward, 5′-AGAGCCTGTGGTGTCCG-3′ and reverse 5′-CATCTTCAAAGCACTTCCCT-3′; for NRP2 forward, 5′-CCCCGAACCCAACCAGAAGA-3′ and reverse 5′-GAATGCCATCCCAGATGTCCA-3′; and for GAPDH, forward 5′-GGCACTGAGAAGCGGGGCCG-3′ and reverse 5′-CCCTTGTTTTTTGCTTCCCTT-3′. The thermocycling conditions were as follows: 95°C for 10 min, followed by 45 cycles of denaturation at 95°C for 15 sec and annealing/elongation at 60°C for 15 sec. 2−ΔΔCq method was used to determine the relative expression of the genes (18).
Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
IHC was performed to detect the NRP2 expression in CRC tissues. Samples were fixed, embedded, and sliced into 4 µm thick tissue sections. The sections were then dewaxed and rehydrated. For antigen retrieval, the sections were microwaved in citrate buffer for 15 min. Then, endogenous peroxidase activity was blocked with 3% H2O2. Subsequently, the sections were incubated with primary NRP2 antibody (1:100) at 4°C overnight, and a secondary goat anti-rabbit IgG (1:1,000) (both from Abcam) labeled by HRP was used for the subsequent incubation. The sections were stained with DAB solution and counterstained with haematoxylin. Images were obtained from a bright-field microscope (Olympus BX50; Olympus Corporation).
Western blot analysis
Transfected cells were lysed on ice in RIPA buffer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) with proteinase inhibitors. Bicinchoninic acid protein (BCA) assay kit (Beyotime) was applied to measure the total protein concentrations. The protein lysates (30 μg) were separated with 10% SDS-PAGE gel and then electrotransferred to PVDF which was pretreated with 5% non-fat dry skim milk in TBST for 2 h at room temperature. Thereafter, the membranes were incubated with appropriate primary antibodies: anti-NRP2 (dil, 1:4,000; cat. no. ab185710); anti-GAPDH (dil, 1:1,000; cat. no. ab181603) E-cadherin (dil, 1:2,000; cat. no. ab15148), N-cadherin (dil, 1:2,000; cat. no. ab18203), Vimentin (dil, 1:1,000; cat. no. ab137321) (all from Abcam) overnight at 4°C. The membrane was then incubated with anti-rabbit IgG (dil, 1:5,000; cat. no. ab191866; Abcam) at room temperature for 2 h. The protein bands were detected by chemiluminescent detection system (Beyotime). GAPDH was the internal reference.
Transwell assays
Cell invasion and migration assays were performed by Transwell chambers (Coring Costar) with membrane pore size of 8.0 µm. After treated with miR-331-3p mimics, inhibitor or NRP2 siRNA, CRC cell lines were seeded into the top chamber. For invasion and migration assays, Transwell chamber was pretreated with or without Matrigel (BD Biosciences) respectively. The top chamber was added with serum-free medium when the medium containing 10% FBS was added into the bottom chambers. After incubation for 48 h at 37°C, the cells that remained on the top surface were removed with cotton swabs. At the same time, those that adhered to the bottom surface were fixed and stained respectively using formaldehyde (4%) and crystal violet (0.1%) for detecting the images using a microscope (Olympus Corporation). The values for invasion or migration were obtained by counting 3 randomly selected fields per membrane and represented the average of 3 independent experiments.
In silico analysis and luciferase reporter assay
TargetScan database (http://www.targetscan.org/vert_72/) was utilized to scan for the potential target gene of miR-331-3p that may participate in CRC (19).The amplified NRP2-3′-UTR-WT and corresponding NRP2-3′-UTR-MUT were respectively inserted into pGL3 luciferase vectors (Promega). CRC cells were cotransfected with miR-331-3p mimics and luciferase reporter vectors of the wild-type or mutant-type 3′-UTR of NRP2 by Lipofectamine™ 2000 (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). Subsequently, the Dual luciferase reporter assay kit (Promega) was used to detect the relative luciferase activities 48 h after the transfections.
Statistical analysis
The above assays were conducted at least three times. SPSS 17.0 (SPSS Inc.) was used to perform the statistical analysis with Student's t-test or one-way ANOVA test followed by post hoc test. Data are indicated as means ± SD. Correlation between expression levels of miR-331-3p and NRP2 was estimated using the Pearson's correlation method. The differences were identified as statistically significant at P<0.05.
Results
miR-331-3p is downregulated and NRP2 is upregulated in CRC
To determine whether miR-331-3p was involved in CRC carcinogenesis, its expression in 54 pairs of CRC tissue samples and two cell lines was detected by RT-qPCR. The results indicated that, when compared to the matched normal tissue samples, the miR-331-3p expression in CRC tissue samples was significantly decreased (Fig. 1A). Similarly, RT-qPCR results also indicated that miR-331-3p expression in CRC cells was significantly lower than that in normal colonic cells (Fig. 1B). Furthermore, NRP2 expression levels in CRC tissues and cells were measured. RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated significantly higher mRNA levels of NRP2 in both CRC tissues and cells compared to the corresponding controls (Fig. 1C and D). In addition, we analyzed the correlation between the expression of NRP2 and miR-331-3p in CRC tissues to better understand their functions in CRC progression. The results demonstrated that the miR-331-3p expression had a negative correlation with the expression of NRP2 in CRC tissues (Fig. 1E). In addition, all the enrolled CRCpatients were assigned into high or low miR-331-3p expression groups based on the mean miR-331-3p level. Clinicopathologic analysis demonstrated that CRCpatients with low miR-331-3p expression presented malignant clinicopathological features (Table I).
Figure 1.
Expressions analysis of miR-331-3p and NRP2 in CRC tissue samples and cells. (A and B) The relative expression of miR-331-3p in CRC tissue samples (n=54) and cell lines were measured by RT-qPCR. (C and D) The relative expression of NRP2 in CRC tissues and cell lines were detected by RT-qPCR. (E) Expression of NRP2 in CRC tissues was measured by IHC. (F) Correlation between expression of miR-331-3p and NRP2. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001. The data are from at least 3 independent experiments. CRC, colorectal carcinoma; NRP2, neuropilin-2; IHC, immunohistochemistry.
Table I.
Correlation of miR-331-3p expression with the clinicopathological characteristics of the colorectal carcinoma patients.
miR-331-3p[a] expression
Clinicopathological features
Cases (n=54)
High (n=18)
Low (n=36)
P-value
Age (years)
0.563
>60
26
10
16
≤60
28
8
20
Sex
0.471
Male
30
12
18
Female
24
6
18
Tumor size (cm)
0.312
≥5.0
27
7
20
<5.0
27
11
16
TNM stage
0.015[b]
I–II
21
15
6
III
33
3
30
Lymph node metastasis
0.006[b]
Yes
31
5
26
No
23
13
10
Location
Colon
27
12
15
0.316
Rectum
27
6
21
Distant metastasis
0.072
Yes
28
9
19
No
26
9
17
The mean expression level of miR-331-3p was used as the cut-off
miR-331-3p inhibits CRC cell invasion and migration
To further understand the effects of miR-331-3p on CRC progression, SW480 and HCT116 cells were trasnfected with miR-331-3p mimics or inhibitor to overexpress or inhibit miR-331-3p expression. RT-qPCR analysis was performed to confirm the successful miR-331-3p overexpression or downregulation in SW480 or HCT116 cells (Fig. 2A and B). Subsequently, we explored the functions of miR-331-3p in SW480 and HCT116 cell invasion and migration through performing Transwell assays. Fig. 2C shows that overexpression of miR-331-3p could markedly repress the invasion and migration capacities of SW480 cells when decreased expression of miR-331-3p enhanced the SW480 invasion and migration. Additionally, similar functions of miR-331-3p in HCT116 cell invasion and migration were confirmed by Transwell assays (Fig. 2D). Results suggested that miR-331-3p was able to inhibit CRC cell invasion and migration.
Figure 2.
miR-331-3p inhibits cell invasion and migration in CRC cells. (A and B) The miR-331-3p expression in transfected CRC cell lines was evaluated using RT-qPCR. (C) The functions of miR-331-3p in SW480 invasion or migration were analyzed by Transwell assays. (D) Transwell assays were carried out to detect cell invasion and migration in transfected HCT116 cells. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001. CRC, colorectal carcinoma.
miR-331-3p upregulation suppresses CRC cell EMT
It was reported that EMT is regarded as a crucial representations in cancer metastasis and invasion. Thus, to address molecular mechanism of miR-331-3p-induced anti-metastatic effect on CRC cells, western blot analysis was performed to detect the protein levels involved in EMT occurrence. It was demonstrated that in SW480 cells, the expression levels of E-cadherin were significantly increased while the expression levels of N-cadherin and Vimentin were significantly decreased by miR-331-3p mimics (Fig. 3A). On the other hand, miR-331-3p inhibitor in SW480 cells had the opposite functions in EMT-related proteins (Fig. 3B). Moreover, we examined the protein expression in HCT116 cells, and a similar influence of miR-331-3p on the expression of proteins which were closely related to EMT was identified (Fig. 3C and D).
Figure 3.
miR-331-3p inhibits CRC cell EMT. (A and B) Western blot analysis was performed to detect the expression levels of EMT-related proteins in transfected SW480 cells. (C and D) Expression levels of EMT-related proteins in transfected HCT116 cells.
miR-331-3p interacts with NRP2 in CRC cells by directly binding to the NRP2 3′-UTR
The correlation was investigated between NRP2 and miR-331-3p to fully understand the mechanisms of miR-331-3p in regulating CRC. Based on Targetscan, miR-331-3p was predicted to bind to NRP2 3′-UTR (Fig. 4A), suggesting that NRP2 was a potential target for miR-331-3p. Then, to confirm whether NRP2 was directly targeted by miR-331-3p, we performed dual-luciferase reporter assays. The luciferase reporter vectors which contained NRP2 3′-UTR-WT or NRP2 3′-UTR-MUT were constructed and cotransfected into CRC cells with miR-331-3p mimics. The relative luciferase activities of the reporter containing the NRP2 3′-UTR-WT were significantly reduced by miR-331-3p mimics; however, the luciferase activity of NRP2 3′-UTR-MUT was not notably affected by miR-331-3p mimics (Fig. 4B). RT-qPCR and western blot analyses of the NRP2 expression demonstrated that NRP2 expression levels in CRC cells were significantly decreased by miR-331-3p mimics in contrast to the controls, whereas NRP2 expressions in cells with transfection of miR-331-3p inhibitor demonstrated notably increased NRP2 levels compared with the NC (Fig. 4C and D).
Figure 4.
miR-331-3p deregulates NRP2 expression via binding to NRP2 3′-UTR directly. (A) The binding sequences of miR-331-3p in NRP2 3′-UTR. (B) The luciferase reporter gene assays were carried out to measure the fluorescence activities of NRP2 3′-UTR in CRC cells which were co-transfected with NRP2-3′-UTR-WT or NRP2-3′-UTR-MUT and miR-331-3p mimics, respectively. (C and D) RT-qPCR and western blot results of NRP2 expression levels in CRC cells with different transfections **P<0.01, ***P<0.001. CRC, colorectal carcinoma; NRP2, neuropilin-2.
Silencing of NRP2 partially reverses the miR-331-3p inhibitor-mediated functions in promoting SW480 cell invasion and migration
To elucidate whether miR-331-3p exerted anti-CRC functions through regulating NRP2, NRP2 siRNA and miR-331-3p inhibitor were co-transfected into CRC cell lines. NRP2 siRNA was transfected into CRC cells to knock down NRP2, RT-qPCR and western blot results showed that, transfection with NRP2 siRNA resulted in marked downregulation of NRP2 expression in CRC cells (Fig. 5A and B). Moreover, similar results were also identified in CRC cells transfected with NRP2 siRNA and miR-331-3p inhibitor (Fig. 5A and B). Subsequently, the Transwell assays were carried out to determine the functions of NRP2 siRNA in SW480 cell migration and invasion. Results demonstrated that the invasion and migration abilities of SW480 cell lines cotransfected with miR-331-3p inhibitor and NRP2 siRNA were markedly suppressed compared to that of the only miR-331-3p downregulated SW480 cell lines (Fig. 5D and E). The findings suggested that deletion of NRP2 markedly reversed miR-331-3p inhibitor-mediated promotion of cell invasion and migration in SW480 cell lines.
Figure 5.
Knockdown of NRP2 abrogates the function mediated by miR-331-3p inhibitor in CRC cell invasion and migration. (A and B) NRP2 mRNA or protein expression levels were measured using RT-qPCR or western blots in CRC cells with different transfections. (C and D) Transwell assays were conducted to observe invasion and migration capacity in CRC cells cotransfected with NRP2 siRNA and miR-331-3p inhibitor. *P<0.05; **P<0.01. CRC, colorectal carcinoma; NRP2, neuropilin-2.
Discussion
CRC is a critical challenge both for public health and clinical practice. In recent decades, although the life expectancy of CRCpatients has been improved due to the advances in CRC screening and therapy (20), CRC still remains a leading health problem worldwide. Thus, more attention should been given to the specific mechanisms of the CRC initiation and development. Growing evidence has indicated that miRNAs play important functions in humanCRC development (21). Moreover, miRNAs have been determined to play a crucial role in regulating gene expression, and in other relevant processes, such as invasion and metastasis (22).miR-331-3p has been identified as a tumor-associated miRNA. As an independent prognostic factor, miR-331-3p was reported to modulate tumor progression. Epis et al (23) found that miR-331-3p inhibited prostate cancer progression with Aurora Kinase inhibitor II cotreatment; Chen et al(24) reported that in hepatocellular carcinomapatients, serum miR-331-3p and miR-182 functioned as therapic biomarkers; Cao et al (25) verified that miR-331-3p suppressed VHL expression in HCC. Given that miRNAs are widely known as tumor regulators, we provide further evidence in this study that miR-331-3p plays important roles in humanCRC. miR-331-3p was identified as the downregulated miRNA in CRC by RT-qPCR. Moreover, we found that decreased miR-331-3p was associated with the aggressive clinicopathological features of CRCpatients. Over-expression of miR-331-3p was able to inhibit CRC cell invasion and migration by targeting NRP2 and regulating EMT. Collectively, the findings of this research revealed that miR-331-3p played anti-tumor roles in CRC.Neuropilins (NRPs) are type I transmembrane receptors that form heterodimeric complexes with two key classes of signaling transmembrane receptors: Plexins and vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) (26). There are two main NRP receptors (NRP1 and NRP2), with multiple extracellular and transmembrane isoforms observed for each in vivo (27). NRPs are thought primarily to modulate the affinity and specificity of extracellular ligand binding upon co-receptor complex formation. Plexin-NRP co-receptor complexes bind semaphorins (Semas), which are a large class of extracellular, dimeric ligands that act as either attractive or repulsive cues during cell migration in a diverse array of processes (28). VEGFR-NRP co-receptor complexes bind vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which plays a major role in the induction of endothelial cell proliferation and increase of the vascular endothelium permeability (29,30). NRP is now considered a candidate specific receptor for VEGF (31). Given the diversity of biological processes in which Sema and VEGF modulate cell migration, dysregulation of NRP-dependent signaling has been linked to a variety of cancers. The role of NRPs as co-receptors of Semas and VEGF in tumor angiogenesis and metastases is the basis for current trials. Various research has reported the effects and mechanisms of NRP2 on tumor progression. Fung et al (32) indicated that NRP2 promoted oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma metastasis and tumorigenicity; Dallas et al (33) further demonstrated that NRP2 regulated pancreatic adenocarcinoma angiogenesis and growth; Moriarty et al (34) found that NRP2 promoted melanoma progression and growth. To our knowledge, there is no previous report on research investigating the association between NRP2 and miR-331-3p in CRC. The current study provided preliminary strong evidence that NRP2 was directly targeted by miR-331-3p and implicated in CRC invasion and migration. The data also revealed that knockdown of NRP2 reversed the functions of miR-331-3p inhibitor in cell invasion and migration of CRC cells. These results suggest that miR-331-3p exerted cancer suppressive roles in CRC via targeting NRP2.In conclusion, miR-331-3p was downregulated in CRC, which indicates poor outcomes of CRCpatients. miR-331-3p overexpression suppressed migration and invasion through regulating NRP2 and EMT. In addition, the suppression function of miR-331-3p in invasion and migration of CRC cells was partially mediated by direct deregulation of NRP2. Thus, the findings in the current study may help to better determine the mechanisms of miR-331-3p and NRP2 implicated in CRC progression, and to discover sensitive prognostic and therapeutic biomarkers for CRC.
Authors: Maresa Caunt; Judy Mak; Wei-Ching Liang; Scott Stawicki; Qi Pan; Raymond K Tong; Joe Kowalski; Calvin Ho; Hani Bou Reslan; Jed Ross; Leanne Berry; Ian Kasman; Constance Zlot; Zhiyong Cheng; Jennifer Le Couter; Ellen H Filvaroff; Greg Plowman; Franklin Peale; Dorothy French; Richard Carano; Alexander W Koch; Yan Wu; Ryan J Watts; Marc Tessier-Lavigne; Anil Bagri Journal: Cancer Cell Date: 2008-04 Impact factor: 31.743
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