Recent sulfur mustard attacks in Middle East and experience of health professionals.

Sulfur mustard (SM) is a vesicant chemical warfare agent which affects ocular, respiratory, and cutaneous system. In this study, we aimed to share recent experiences on medical management of chemical casualties that were exposed to SM in Middle East. We reported medical management of 17 contaminated patients. After the evacuation from the hot zone, all chemical casualties should be transferred to the designated intensive care units. After detailed medical decontamination and stabilization, biological samples should be collected from all chemical casualties as soon as possible for the verification of the exposure. Medical history and existing symptoms reveal the clinical diagnosis of SM exposure. Medical management of SM casualties should focus on "good nursing care" including treatment of pain and itching, fluid and electrolyte replacement therapy, respiration and nutrition support. Despite of improved clinical skills, treatment of SM lesions is still non-specific which aims to relieve symptoms and to prevent infections. Existing diagnostic capabilities and treatment approaches could be improved by sharing recent clinical experiences on medical management of SM casualties where there are still important major gaps.