| Literature DB >> 31800912 |
Jorge Inolopú1,2, Nélida Hilario-Huapaya1,2, Martín Alonso Tantaleán-Del-Águila3, Yamilee Hurtado-Roca4, Cesar Ugarte-Gil1,5.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of interventions aimed at the prevention of risk factors and incidence of type 2 diabetes in the workers population.Entities:
Mesh:
Year: 2019 PMID: 31800912 PMCID: PMC6863112 DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2019053001084
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Rev Saude Publica ISSN: 0034-8910 Impact factor: 2.106
Search terms.
| •Pubmed: ((“Cohort Studies”[Mesh] OR “Clinical Trial” [Publication Type]) AND ((“2000/01/01”[Date - Publication] : “2017/30/12”[Date - Publication]))) AND (“Adult”[Mesh] OR “Occupational Groups”[Mesh] OR “Occupational Health Nursing”[Mesh] OR “Workplace”[Mesh] OR (“Occupational Groups”[Mesh] AND “Population”[Mesh]) OR Work-related[All Fields] OR Worksite[All Fields] OR Working population[All Fields] OR Economically active population[All Fields]) AND (“Occupational Health”[Mesh] OR “Primary Prevention”[Mesh] OR “Occupational Health Services”[Mesh] OR “Preventive Health Services”[Mesh] OR “Complementary Therapies”[Mesh] OR “Integrative Medicine”[Mesh] OR “Models, Organizational”[Mesh] OR “Behavior Therapy”[Mesh] OR “Tai Ji”[Mesh] OR “Yoga”[Mesh] OR “Qigong”[Mesh]) AND (“Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2” [Mesh]) AND (Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/prevention and control[MAJR] OR “Prediabetic State”[Mesh] OR “Hyperglycemia”[Mesh] OR “Obesity, Abdominal”[Mesh] OR “Obesity”[Mesh] OR “Hypertension”[Mesh] OR “Metabolic Syndrome X”[Mesh] OR “Overweight”[Mesh] OR “Body Mass Index”[Mesh] OR “Body Weight”[Mesh] OR “Sagittal Abdominal Diameter”[Mesh] OR “Self Care”[Mesh] OR “Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice”[Mesh] OR “Quality of Life”[Mesh]) NOT “Diabetes, Gestational”[Mesh] NOT “Animal Experimentation”[Mesh] NOT “Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1”[Mesh] |
| •Embase: #1: (‘prevention’/exp OR ‘yoga’/exp OR ‘tai chi’/exp OR ‘alternative medicine’/exp OR ‘primary prevention’/exp OR ‘occupational health’/exp); #2: (‘diabetes mellitus’/exp OR ‘impaired glucose tolerance’/exp OR ‘obesity’/exp OR ‘metabolic syndrome x’/exp) AND (‘prevention’/exp OR ‘yoga’/exp OR ‘tai chi’/exp OR ‘alternative medicine’/exp OR ‘primary prevention’/exp OR ‘occupational health’/exp); #3: (‘cohort analysis’/exp OR ‘cohort analysis’ OR [cochrane review]/lim OR [systematic review]/lim OR [meta analysis]/lim OR [controlled clinical trial]/lim OR [randomized controlled trial]/lim) AND (‘diabetes mellitus’/exp OR ‘impaired glucose tolerance’/exp OR ‘obesity’/exp OR ‘metabolic syndrome x’/exp); #4: ([english]/lim OR [portuguese]/lim OR [spanish]/lim) AND [adult]/lim AND [humans]/lim AND [2000-2017]/py AND [article]/lim AND ([embase]/lim OR [embase classic]/lim); #5: #1 AND #2 AND #3 AND #4 |
| •Web of Science: #1: (TS=(“Occupational Health” OR “Primary Prevention” OR “Occupational Health Services” OR “Preventive Health Services” OR “Complementary Therapies” OR “Integrative Medicine” OR “Models, Organizational” OR “Behavior Therapy” OR “Tai Ji” OR “Yoga” OR “Qigong”)); #2: (TS=(“diabetes” OR “Metabolic Syndrome” OR “Prediabetic State”)); #3: (TS=((“adult population” OR “Adult” OR “Occupational Groups” OR “Occupational Health Nursing” OR “Workplace” OR (“Occupational Groups” AND “Population”) OR “Work-related” OR “Worksite” OR “Working population” OR “Economically active population”))) AND LANGUAGE: (English OR Portuguese OR Spanish) AND DOCUMENT TYPES: (Article); #4: #1 AND #2 AND #3, Indexes=SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI, A&HCI, CPCI-S, CPCI-SSH, BKCI-S, BKCI-SSH, ESCI, CCR-EXPANDED, IC Timespan=2000-2017 |
| •CENTRAL: #1: MeSH descriptor: [Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2] explode all trees and with qualifier(s): [Prevention & control - PC]; #2: MeSH descriptor: [Workplace] explode all tres; #3: #1 AND #2; Publication Year from 2000 to 2017 |
| •Lilacs: (tw:(DIABETES)) AND (tw:(PREVENTION)) AND (tw:(WORKPLACE)) |
Figure 1Framework of the systematic review.
Figure 2Selection process of studies included in the analysis.
Characteristics of studies on the prevention of DM2 risk factors in the work environment.
| Reference | Country | Intervention - - Program | Study design | Follow-up (months) | Risk factor | Population | Field of work |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Limaye et al.25 (2016) | India | LSI 2 - NICE | Randomized Trial | 12 | ≥ 3 cardiometabolic risk factors | •265 participants: 132 in the control and 133 in the intervention group, with a mean of 36.2 years of age (SD = 8.0), being 75% male. | Computer science |
| Kramer et al.19 (2015) | USA | LSI 1 - DPP | Randomized Trial | 12 | Pre-diabetes, BMI ≥ 24, MS or hyperlipidemia | •89 participants: 60 individuals in the first group (advanced) and 29 in the second (late), with an average age of 52.3 years old (range: 34–70), being 45% male. | Pharmaceutical company |
| Weinhold et al.20 (2015) | USA | LSI 1 - DPP | Randomized Trial | 07 | Pre-diabetes + BMI ≥ 25 | •69 participants (34 in control and 35 in intervention) from 18 and 65 years old, being 20% male. | University employees |
| Faghri et al.21 (2014) | USA | LSI 1 - DPP | Randomized Trial | 07 | Risk Score (DRS) + BMI ≥ 25 | •99 participants: 51 in the group with incentive and 48 in the group without incentive. Average age of the group without and with incentive: 48.98 (SD = 11.23) and 45.14 (SD = 11.27) years old, respectively. | Nursing Technicians |
| Maruyama et al.24 (2010) | Japan | LSI 1 - LiSM10! | Randomized Trial | 04 | MS | •87 male participants: 49 in the control group and 52 in the intervention group, with an average of 52.0 (SD = 7.9) years old. | Clerks |
| Watanabe et al.26 (2003) | Japan | Nutritional - JDS/ADA | Randomized Trial | 12 | Pre-diabetes | •173 male participants: 77 in the control group and 79 in the intervention group, with an average of 55 years old. | Not specified |
| Zyriax et al.22 (2014) | Germany | LSI 1 - FDPS | Pre- and post-test study | 36 | Large abdominal circumference + pre-diabetes | •300 participants with an average age of 43.6 years old. Participants at DM2 risk and with DM2 diagnosis are evaluated separately. | Not specified |
| Viitasalo et al.23 (2015) | Finland | LSI 1 - FDPS | Pre- and post-test study | 30 | Risk score | •1347 participants: 945 at low risk of DM2 and 402 at a high risk of DM2, with an average age in men and women of 50 (SD = 7.3) and 47 (SD = 8.0) years old, respectively. | Airline employees |
| Burton et al.2 (2015) | USA | LSI 1 - HLDP | Pre- and post-test study | 12 | Pre-diabetes | •34 participants with pre-diabetes, 65 with diabetes and 2 with other risk factors. Participants at DM2 risk and with DM2 diagnosis are evaluated separately. | Financial services |
| Bevis et al.28 (2014)* | USA | LSI 2 - NR | Pre- and post-test study | 12 | Pre-diabetes | •73 participants with pre-diabetes, with an average age of 50.0 (SD = 10.0) years old, being 74% male. Participants at DM2 risk and with DM2 diagnosis are evaluated separately. | Not specified |
LSI 1: conventional intervention (with a nutritional and physical activity approach); LSI 2: conventional intervention, with virtual monitoring and counseling; Nutritional: exclusively nutritional intervention; MS: metabolic syndrome; BMI: body mass index; DPP: Diabetes Prevention Program; FDPS: Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study; LiSM10!: Life Style Modification Program for Physical Activity and Nutrition Program; JDS/ADA: Japan Diabetes Society and American Diabetes Association; HLDP: Healthy Living with Diabetes Program; NR: Not reported. SD: Standard Deviation. DRS: Diabetic Retinopathy Study.
Results of studies on the prevention of DM2 risk factors in the work environment.
| Reference | Country | Intervention - structure | Incentive | Employer’s role | Outcome | Rating |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Limaye et al.25 (2016) | India | 1 group session at the beginning and every 3 months. | NR | Enrollment | •Significant reduction of body weight, BMI and abdominal circumference concerning the control group. Reduction of 6.0% in the prevalence of BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 is reported in the intervention group, as well as a 6.8% increase in the control group. •No reduction in the percentage of weight lost is reported. | Effective |
| Kramer et al.19 (2015) | USA | 12 weekly sessions for 3 months, 4 biweekly sessions for 3 months, and 6 monthly meetings of maintenance for 6 months. | Discount cards. | Work environment and schedules | •Significant reduction in body weight, HbA1C, abdominal perimeter and BMI between the study groups at 6 months of intervention. •Reduction of 5% of initial body weight by 45% in the first group and 7% in the second group at 6 months of intervention. | Effective |
| Weinhold et al.20 (2015) | USA | 16 weekly sessions for 4 months. | NR | Work environment and schedules | •Significant reduction in weight, BMI, abdominal circumference, and fasting glucose levels in the intervention group and concerning the control group. •In the intervention and control group, 52.9% and 2.9% of the participants managed to lose at least 5% of body weight, respectively, in the post-intervention period. | Effective |
| Faghri et al.21 (2014) | USA | 16 60-minute sessions per week, for 4 months. | Cumulative economic incentive. | Enrollment | •Significant reduction in weight and BMI in the group with economic incentive when compared to the group without economic incentive. •No reduction in the percentage of weight lost is reported. | Effective |
| Maruyama et al.24 (2010) | Japan | 1 session at the beginning of intervention, individual counseling for 2 months, and online counseling for the following 2 months. | NR | Enrollment | •Significant reduction of 14 out of 17 parameters that define the risk of developing DM2, among which are weight and body mass index. •No reduction in the percentage of weight lost is reported. | Effective |
| Watanabe et al.26 (2003) | Japan | 1 session per month of study and 1 session at the sixth month of study, via e-mail. | NR | Not specified | •Significant reduction in daily caloric intake, especially at night, with subsequent decrease in the 2-hour postprandial glucose levels when compared to the control group. •No reduction in the percentage of weight lost is reported. | Effective |
| Zyriax et al.22 (2014) | Germany | 6 monthly sessions for 6 months, 6 biweekly sessions for 6 months, and 1 session every four months for 2 years. | NR | Enrollment | •Significant reduction in weight, body mass index, and abdominal circumference. In men and women there was a reduction of 4.3 ± 3.6 and 3.6 ± 2.4 kg, respectively, in the post-intervention period. •No reduction in the percentage of weight lost is reported. | Effective |
| Viitasalo et al.23 (2015) | Finland | Not specified. | NR | Enrollment | •There was an increase in the risk of DM2, while in the high-risk group the reduction in DM2 risk was not significant. •Reduction of ≥ 5% was reported in 20.8% of men and 7.0% of women who attended more than one session. | Uneffective |
| Burton et al.27 (2015). | USA | Not specified. | Glucometers and economic incentive when completing the study. | Wellness program | •There was no significant reduction in Body Mass Index (BMI) during the study, which was shown at levels greater than 30 kg/m2 during the study. •No reduction in the percentage of weight lost is reported. | Uneffective |
| Bevis et al.28* (2014) | USA | 4 2-hour educational sessions in the first semester and 8 subsequent telephone sessions. | Glucometers and affiliation in wellness program. | Wellness program | •There was no significant reduction in BMI, which was greater than 35 kg/m2 during the study, nor was there a significant reduction in glycosylated hemoglobin levels (HbA1c). •No reduction in the percentage of weight lost is reported. | Uneffective |
NR: not reported; BMI: body mass index; DM2: type 2 diabetes; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobi
Figure 3Summary of the bias risk assessment of randomized studies according to the Cochrane Collaboration.
Términos de Búsqueda.
| •Pubmed: ((“Cohort Studies”[Mesh] OR “Clinical Trial” [Publication Type]) AND ((“2000/01/01”[Date - Publication] : “2017/30/12”[Date - Publication]))) AND (“Adult”[Mesh] OR “Occupational Groups”[Mesh] OR “Occupational Health Nursing”[Mesh] OR “Workplace”[Mesh] OR (“Occupational Groups”[Mesh] AND “Population”[Mesh]) OR Work-related[All Fields] OR Worksite[All Fields] OR Working population[All Fields] OR Economically active population[All Fields]) AND (“Occupational Health”[Mesh] OR “Primary Prevention”[Mesh] OR “Occupational Health Services”[Mesh] OR “Preventive Health Services”[Mesh] OR “Complementary Therapies”[Mesh] OR “Integrative Medicine”[Mesh] OR “Models, Organizational”[Mesh] OR “Behavior Therapy”[Mesh] OR “Tai Ji”[Mesh] OR “Yoga”[Mesh] OR “Qigong”[Mesh]) AND (“Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2” [Mesh]) AND (Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/prevention and control[MAJR] OR “Prediabetic State”[Mesh] OR “Hyperglycemia”[Mesh] OR “Obesity, Abdominal”[Mesh] OR “Obesity”[Mesh] OR “Hypertension”[Mesh] OR “Metabolic Syndrome X”[Mesh] OR “Overweight”[Mesh] OR “Body Mass Index”[Mesh] OR “Body Weight”[Mesh] OR “Sagittal Abdominal Diameter”[Mesh] OR “Self Care”[Mesh] OR “Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice”[Mesh] OR “Quality of Life”[Mesh]) NOT “Diabetes, Gestational”[Mesh] NOT “Animal Experimentation”[Mesh] NOT “Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1”[Mesh] |
| •Embase: #1: (‘prevention’/exp OR ‘yoga’/exp OR ‘tai chi’/exp OR ‘alternative medicine’/exp OR ‘primary prevention’/exp OR ‘occupational health’/exp); #2: (‘diabetes mellitus’/exp OR ‘impaired glucose tolerance’/exp OR ‘obesity’/exp OR ‘metabolic syndrome x’/exp) AND (‘prevention’/exp OR ‘yoga’/exp OR ‘tai chi’/exp OR ‘alternative medicine’/exp OR ‘primary prevention’/exp OR ‘occupational health’/exp); #3: (‘cohort analysis’/exp OR ‘cohort analysis’ OR [cochrane review]/lim OR [systematic review]/lim OR [meta analysis]/lim OR [controlled clinical trial]/lim OR [randomized controlled trial]/lim) AND (‘diabetes mellitus’/exp OR ‘impaired glucose tolerance’/exp OR ‘obesity’/exp OR ‘metabolic syndrome x’/exp); #4: ([english]/lim OR [portuguese]/lim OR [spanish]/lim) AND [adult]/lim AND [humans]/lim AND [2000-2017]/py AND [article]/lim AND ([embase]/lim OR [embase classic]/lim); #5: #1 AND #2 AND #3 AND #4 |
| •Web of Science: #1: (TS=(“Occupational Health” OR “Primary Prevention” OR “Occupational Health Services” OR “Preventive Health Services” OR “Complementary Therapies” OR “Integrative Medicine” OR “Models, Organizational” OR “Behavior Therapy” OR “Tai Ji” OR “Yoga” OR “Qigong”)); #2: (TS=(“diabetes” OR “Metabolic Syndrome” OR “Prediabetic State”)); #3: (TS=((“adult population” OR “Adult” OR “Occupational Groups” OR “Occupational Health Nursing” OR “Workplace” OR (“Occupational Groups” AND “Population”) OR “Work-related” OR “Worksite” OR “Working population” OR “Economically active population”))) AND LANGUAGE: (English OR Portuguese OR Spanish) AND DOCUMENT TYPES: (Article); #4: #1 AND #2 AND #3, Indexes=SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI, A&HCI, CPCI-S, CPCI-SSH, BKCI-S, BKCI-SSH, ESCI, CCR-EXPANDED, IC Timespan=2000-2017 |
| •CENTRAL: #1: MeSH descriptor: [Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2] explode all trees and with qualifier(s): [Prevention & control - PC]; #2: MeSH descriptor: [Workplace] explode all tres; #3: #1 AND #2; Publication Year from 2000 to 2017 |
| •Lilacs: (tw:(DIABETES)) AND (tw:(PREVENTION)) AND (tw:(WORKPLACE)) |
Figura 1Marco de trabajo de la revisión sistemática.
Figura 2Proceso de selección de estudios incluidos en el análisis.
Características de los estudios sobre la prevención de factores de riesgo de DT2 en ambiente laboral.
| Referencia | País | Intervención - – Programa | Diseño de estudio | Seguimiento (meses) | Factor de riesgo | Población | Ámbito laboral |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Limaye et al.25(2016) | India | IEV 2 - NICE | Ensayo aleatorizado | 12 | ≥ 3 factores de riesgo cardiometabólico | •265 participantes: 132 controles y 133 intervenidos, con una edad promedio de 36.2 (DE = 8.0) años siendo el 75% de sexo masculino. | Informáticos |
| Kramer et al.19(2015 | USA | IEV 1 - DPP | Ensayo aleatorizado | 12 | Prediabetes, IMC ≥ 24, SM o hiperlipidemia | •89 participantes: 60 individuos en el primer grupo (adelantado) y 29 en el segundo (atrasado), con edad promedio de 52.3 años (rango: 34–70), siendo el 45% de sexo masculino. | Empresa farmacéutica |
| Weinhold et al.20(2015) | USA | IEV 1 - DPP | Ensayo aleatorizado | 07 | Prediabetes + IMC ≥ 25 | •69 participantes (34 controles y 35 intervenidos) con edades entre 18 y 65 años, siendo el 20% de sexo masculino. | Empleados universitarios |
| Faghri et al.21(2014) | USA | IEV 1 - DPP | Ensayo aleatorizado | 07 | Score de riesgo (DRS) + IMC ≥ 25 | •99 participantes: 51 en el grupo con incentivo y 48 en el grupo sin incentivo. Edad promedio del grupo sin y con incentivo: 48.98 (DE = 11.23) años y 45.14 (DE = 11.27) años respectivamente. | Técnicos en enfermería |
| Maruyama et al.24(2010) | Japón | IEV 1 - LiSM10! | Ensayo aleatorizado | 04 | SM | •87 participantes de sexo masculino: 49 en grupo control y 52 en grupo intervenido, con una edad promedio de 52.0 (DE = 7.9) años. | Oficinistas |
| Watanabe et al.26(2003) | Japón | Nutricional - JDS/ADA | Ensayo aleatorizado | 12 | Prediabetes | •173 participantes de sexo masculino: 77 en grupo control y 79 en grupo intervenido, con edad promedio de 55 años. | No especificado |
| Zyriax et al.22(2014) | Alemania | IEV 1 - FDPS | Estudio pre y post-test | 36 | Circunferencia abdominal elevado + prediabetes | •300 participantes con una edad promedio de 43.6. Se evalúan participantes con riesgo de DT2 y con diagnóstico de DT2 por separado. | No especificado |
| Viitasalo et al.23(2015) | Finlandia | IEV 1 - FDPS | Estudio pre y post-test | 30 | Score de riesgo | •1347 participantes: 945 de bajo riesgo de DT2 y 402 con alto riesgo de DT2 con edad promedio en hombres y mujeres de 50 (DE = 7.3) años y 47 (DE = 8.0) años respectivamente. | Empleados de línea aérea |
| Burton et al.27(2015) | USA | IEV 1 - HLDP | Estudio pre y post-test | 12 | Prediabetes | •34 participantes con prediabetes, 65 diabetes y 2 con otros factores de riesgo. Se evalúan participantes con riesgo de DT2 y con diagnóstico de DT2 por separado. | Servicios financieros |
| Bevis et al.28(2014) | USA | IEV 2 - NR | Estudio pre y post-test | 12 | Prediabetes | •73 participantes con prediabetes con una edad promedio de 50.0 (DE = 10.0) años, siendo el 74% de sexo masculino. Se evalúan participantes con riesgo de DT2 y con diagnóstico de DT2 por separado. | No especificado |
IEV 1: intervención convencional (con enfoque nutricional y de actividad física); IEV 2: intervención convencional con monitoreo y consejería virtual; Nutricional: intervención exclusivamente nutricional; SM: síndrome metabólico; IMC: indice de masa corporal; DPP: Diabetes Prevention Program; FDPS: Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study; LiSM10!: Life Style Modification Program for Physical Activity and Nutrition Program; JDS/ADA: Japan Diabetes Society and American Diabetes Association; HLDP: Healthy Living with Diabetes Program; NR: No reportado. DE: desviación estándar. DRS: Diabetic Retinopathy Study.
Resultados de los estudios sobre la prevención de factores de riesgo de DT2 en ambiente laboral.
| Referencia | País | Intervención - estructura | Incentivo | Rol del empleador | Resultado | Valoración |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Limaye et al.25(2016) | India | 1 sesión grupal al inicio y cada 3 meses. | NR | Enrolamiento | •Reducción significativa del peso corporal, IMC y circunferencia abdominal respecto al grupo control. Se reporta reducción de la prevalencia de IMC ≥ 25 kg/m2del 6.0 % en el grupo intervenido y aumento del 6.8% en el grupo control. •No se reporta reducción del porcentaje de peso perdido. | Efectivo |
| Kramer et al.19(2015 ) | USA | 12 sesiones semanales por 3 meses, 4 bisemanales por 3 meses y 6 mensuales de mantenimiento por 6 meses. | Tarjetas de descuento. | Ambiente y horarios en el trabajo | •Reducción significativa del peso corporal, HbA1C, perímetro abdominal e IMC entre los grupos de estudio a los 6 meses de intervención. •Reducción del 5% de peso corporal inicial en el 45% en el primer grupo y 7% en el segundo grupo a los 6 meses de intervención. | Efectivo |
| Weinhold et al.20(2015) | USA | 16 sesiones semanales por 4 meses. | NR | Ambiente y horarios en el trabajo | •Reducción significativa del peso, IMC, circunferencia abdominal, niveles de glucosa en ayunas en el grupo intervenido y respecto al grupo control. •En el grupo intervenido y control, el 52.9% y 2.9% de los participantes logró perder al menos 5% del peso corporal respectivamente post-intervención. | Efectivo |
| Faghri et al.21(2014) | USA | 16 sesiones de 60 minutos por semana durante 4 meses. | Incentivo económico acumulable. | Enrolamiento | •Reducción significativa del peso e IMC en el grupo con incentivo económico respecto al grupo sin incentivo económico. •No se reporta reducción del porcentaje de peso perdido. | Efectivo |
| Maruyama et al.24(2010) | Japon | 1 sesión al inicio de la intervención, consejería individualizada en 2 meses y 2 meses siguientes mediante internet. | NR | Enrolamiento | •Reducción significativa de 14 de 17 parámetros que definen al riesgo de desarrollar DT2, entre los cuales se encuentra peso e índice de masa corporal. •No se reporta reducción del porcentaje de peso perdido. | Efectivo |
| Watanabe et al.26(2003) | Japon | 1 sesión al mes del estudio 1 sesión al sexto mes del estudio vía e-mail. | NR | No especificado | •Reducción significativa de ingesta calórica diaria, especialmente horarios nocturnos, con subsecuente disminución de los niveles de glucosa post-pandrial a las 2 horas respecto al grupo control. •No se reporta reducción del porcentaje de peso perdido. | Efectivo |
| Zyriax et al.22(2014) | Alemania | 6 sesiones mensuales por 6 meses, 6 sesiones bisemanales por 6 meses y 1 sesión trimestral por 2 años. | NR | Enrolamiento | •Reducción significativa del peso, índice de masa corporal y circunferencia abdominal. En los hombres y mujeres hubo una reducción del 4.3 ± 3.6 y 3.6 ± 2.4 kg, respectivamente post-intervención. •No se reporta reducción del porcentaje de peso perdido. | Efectivo |
| Viitasalo et al.23(2015) | Finlandia | No especificada. | NR | Enrolamiento | •Existió incremento del riesgo de DT2, mientras que en el grupo con alto riesgo la reducción del riesgo de DT2 fue no significativa. •Reducción del ≥ 5% fue reportado en el 20.8% de los hombres y 7.0% de mujeres que asistieron a más de una sesión. | No efectivo |
| Burton et al.27(2015) | USA | No especificada. | Glucómetros e incentivo económico al completar estudio. | Programa de bienestar | •No se mostró reducción significativa del Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) durante el estudio, el cual se mostró en niveles mayores de 30 kg/m2durante el estudio. •No se reporta reducción del porcentaje de peso perdido. | No efectivo |
| Bevis et al.28(2014) | USA | 4 sesiones educativas de 2 horas en el primer semestre y 8 sesiones telefónicas siguientes. | Glucómetros y afiliación en programa de bienestar. | Programa de bienestar | •No se mostró reducción significativa del IMC, el cual fue mayor de 35 kg/m2durante el estudio, ni hubo reducción significativa de los niveles de Hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1c). •No se reporta reducción del porcentaje de peso perdido. | No efectivo |
NR: no reportado; IMC: indice de masa corporal; DT2: diabetes tipo 2; HbA1c: hemoglobina glicosilada
Figura 3Resumen de la valoración del riesgo de sesgo de los estudios aleatorizados según la Colaboración Cochrane.