Preventing conscientious objection in medicine from running amok: a defense of reasonable accommodation.

A US Department of Health and Human Services Final Rule, Protecting Statutory Conscience Rights in Health Care (2019), and a proposed bill in the British House of Lords, the Conscientious Objection (Medical Activities) Bill (2017), may well warrant a concern that-to borrow a phrase Daniel Callahan applied to self-determination-conscientious objection in health care has "run amok." Insofar as there are no significant constraints or limitations on accommodation, both rules endorse an approach that is aptly designated "conscience absolutism." There are two common strategies to counter conscience absolutism and prevent conscientious objection in medicine from running amok. One, non-toleration, is to decline to accommodate physicians who refuse to provide legal, professionally accepted, clinically appropriate medical services within the scope of their clinical competence. The other, compromise or reasonable accommodation, is to impose constraints on accommodation. Several arguments for non-toleration are critically analyzed, and I argue that none warrants its acceptance. I maintain that non-toleration is an excessively blunt instrument to prevent conscientious objection in medicine from running amok. Instead, I defend a more nuanced contextual approach that includes constraints on accommodation.