Clinical applications of nuclear medicine in the diagnosis and assessment of musculoskeletal sports injuries.

Increased participation in sports and physical exercise are widely promoted as an approach to a physically active lifestyle which has a positive effect on healthy aging, in patients and athletes of all ages, beginners and experts, including amateur athletes and professional athletes. Unfortunately, this has caused a higher incidence of sports-related injuries. In the sports context, the early and accurate diagnosis of injuries is of the utmost importance in order to enable early treatment to achieve a full recovery. Imaging techniques are increasingly important for the successful diagnosis and management of the patient. The nuclear medicine techniques with bone tracers provide physiological and metabolic information in the early phases of musculoskeletal injuries, which often precede anatomical changes and they reflect changes in bone turnover. This allows early diagnosis, along with evaluation of the activity and phase of the injury. In this article, the applications of nuclear medicine techniques, focusing on bone scintigraphy, alongside the important contribution of hybrid studies (SPECT/CT), in the diagnosis of bone and soft tissue sports injuries, will be described. In addition, we explain their usefulness in the expression of the pathophysiology of these lesions and their scintigraphic patterns. The article will also describe biomechanical and physiopathological aspects, injury mechanisms and clinical presentations of bone and joint sports injuries, knowledge of this is essential for the correct diagnostic assessment of imaging studies.