Insomnia in personality disorders and substance use disorders.

The relationship between certain personality disorders (PDs) and insomnia has been the object of few studies in recent years. Even though it is not indicated to use polysomnography to diagnose insomnia, objective measures have shown sleep abnormalities in individuals with a personality disorder and insomnia. Interestingly, there is increasing evidence that emotion dysregulation is involved in a mutually aggravating relationship between Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) and insomnia. While BPD traits are highly associated with suicide ideation and attempts, these behaviors could be potentiated or enhanced in individuals presenting sleep disturbances. Because BPD and other mental disorders are often linked with the use of medication or other substances, it is also important to review the association between substance use disorders (SUD) and insomnia. SUD can disrupt sleep and foster insomnia, which in turn might increase motivation to use substances. Insomnia has also been shown to precede (i.e., predict) SUD, and can be present during withdrawal as well. These results highlight the need to assess and treat insomnia when working with patients who present a PD or SUD.