BACKGROUND: More patients with pulmonary nodules are being referred to thoracic surgeons under the increasing use of computed tomography scans (CT). Impalpable peripheral subpleural solitary pulmonary nodules are difficult to be localized by video assisted thoracic surgery. Although some common techniques including CT-guided puncture positioning and electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy (ENB)-guided methylene blue staining positioning, can bring good results in positioning, there are still some complications such as pneumothorax, hemorrhage and inaccurate positioning. Vectorial localization guided by electromagnetic navigational bronchoscopy followed by thoracoscopic resection is a novel alternative technique by us firstly for definitive diagnosis, which can avoid the possible injury of pleural or enlargement of the location area, providing some guidance for ENB-guided location technology. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and our initial experience of vectorial localization guided by electromagnetic navigation followed by video-assisted thoracoscopic pulmonary solitary nodules resection. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 22 cases who undergoing vectorial localization of peripheral pulmonary lesion guided by electromagnetic navigation prior to video assisted lung resection, and characteristics and intraoperative outcomes were explored. RESULTS: Twenty-two nodules of twenty-two patients were all localized by this method successfully with an average location time (17.5±4.2) min. The average nodule size was (11.0±3.6) mm. The distance between the locatable guide probe (LG) and lesion on the electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy screen was (14.5±10.1) mm. The distance between the lesion and probe mark on the dissected specimen was (15.3±11.0) mm. There was no displacement of any case. No conversion to thoracotomy was found. And there were no adverse events during the localization and operation procedure. Length of hospital stay was (3.8±1.2) d and the operative mortality was 0.0%. Malignant lesions were found in 19 patients and they were all completely resected with negative microscopic margins. CONCLUSIONS: Our initial experience with vectorial localization of peripheral pulmonary lesion guided by electromagnetic navigation and minimally invasive resection proved that this technique was an alternative accurate and safe way for small pulmonary nodules. Thoracic surgeons should further investigate this method and apply it to clinical practice.
BACKGROUND: More patients with pulmonary nodules are being referred to thoracic surgeons under the increasing use of computed tomography scans (CT). Impalpable peripheral subpleural solitary pulmonary nodules are difficult to be localized by video assisted thoracic surgery. Although some common techniques including CT-guided puncture positioning and electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy (ENB)-guided methylene blue staining positioning, can bring good results in positioning, there are still some complications such as pneumothorax, hemorrhage and inaccurate positioning. Vectorial localization guided by electromagnetic navigational bronchoscopy followed by thoracoscopic resection is a novel alternative technique by us firstly for definitive diagnosis, which can avoid the possible injury of pleural or enlargement of the location area, providing some guidance for ENB-guided location technology. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and our initial experience of vectorial localization guided by electromagnetic navigation followed by video-assisted thoracoscopic pulmonary solitary nodules resection. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 22 cases who undergoing vectorial localization of peripheral pulmonary lesion guided by electromagnetic navigation prior to video assisted lung resection, and characteristics and intraoperative outcomes were explored. RESULTS: Twenty-two nodules of twenty-two patients were all localized by this method successfully with an average location time (17.5±4.2) min. The average nodule size was (11.0±3.6) mm. The distance between the locatable guide probe (LG) and lesion on the electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy screen was (14.5±10.1) mm. The distance between the lesion and probe mark on the dissected specimen was (15.3±11.0) mm. There was no displacement of any case. No conversion to thoracotomy was found. And there were no adverse events during the localization and operation procedure. Length of hospital stay was (3.8±1.2) d and the operative mortality was 0.0%. Malignant lesions were found in 19 patients and they were all completely resected with negative microscopic margins. CONCLUSIONS: Our initial experience with vectorial localization of peripheral pulmonary lesion guided by electromagnetic navigation and minimally invasive resection proved that this technique was an alternative accurate and safe way for small pulmonary nodules. Thoracic surgeons should further investigate this method and apply it to clinical practice.
① 将患者术前胸部CT三维图像传输至ENB系统,建立相应的虚拟支气管树,在模拟图像中对可疑病灶的位置及大小进行标记。确认规划路径后,将患者置于仰卧位,于单腔气管插管全身麻醉下,通过EWC置入LG完成注册后撤出纤维支气管镜和LG;②将单腔气管导管更换为双腔支气管导管,在便携式纤维支气管镜和实时导航监测下,按照规划路径将LG推进到计划位置,此时记录LG探头与病灶之间的方向和距离,在确定两者相对位置后,将LG固定在相应支气管入口处,撤出便携式纤维支气管镜(图 1A);③将患者置于健侧卧位,此过程中注意保持LG位置固定,然后实行单肺通气,采用胸腔镜进行手术操作,由助手轻推LG,使脏层胸膜表面形成“帐篷”样突起,使用电刀标记(图 1B)。移除LG后,由于术侧肺塌陷以及LG对肺组织的刚性作用,术者能够准确地进行病灶及周围肺组织楔形切除术。移除标本,进行快速冰冻病理检查,根据冰冻病理结果和患者情况,决定是否继续进行腔镜下解剖性肺切除术加系统性淋巴结清扫术。
Operation pictures. A: The locatable guide and portable bronchoscope were inserted through the double-lumen endobronchial tube; B: The protuberant tent-like visceral pleura propped by the locatable guide probe with cauterized by electrotome.
手术图片。A:经双腔支气管导管插入导航定位装置和便携式支气管镜;B:由导航定位装置的探头在脏层胸膜上顶起的“帐篷”样突起,使用电刀烧灼作为标记。Operation pictures. A: The locatable guide and portable bronchoscope were inserted through the double-lumen endobronchial tube; B: The protuberant tent-like visceral pleura propped by the locatable guide probe with cauterized by electrotome.
AIH: adenocarcinoma in situ; MIA: microinvasive adenocarcinoma; IA: invasive adenocarcinoma; LG: locatable guide probe. The localization time includes the time of changing the double lumen tube.
Gender
22
Male
8
Female
14
Average age (yr)
59.9
Nodule type
Ground glass
18
Solid
2
Mixed
2
Nodule location
Left upper lobe
3
Left lower lobe
7
Right upper lobe
1
Right middle lobe
2
Right lower lobe
9
Nodule size (Mean±SD, mm)
11.0±3.6
Estimated distance from the visceral pleura (Mean±SD, mm)
16.5±6.2
Final pathology for resected tissue
AIH
3
MIA
14
IA
2
Chronic inflammatory
3
Distance between the LG probe and lesion on screen (Mean±SD, mm)
14.5±10.1
Distance between the lesion and mark on the dissected specimen (Mean±SD, mm)
Authors: Timothy R Church; William C Black; Denise R Aberle; Christine D Berg; Kathy L Clingan; Fenghai Duan; Richard M Fagerstrom; Ilana F Gareen; David S Gierada; Gordon C Jones; Irene Mahon; Pamela M Marcus; JoRean D Sicks; Amanda Jain; Sarah Baum Journal: N Engl J Med Date: 2013-05-23 Impact factor: 91.245
Authors: William S Krimsky; Douglas J Minnich; Stephen M Cattaneo; Saiyad A Sarkar; Daniel P Harley; David J Finley; Robert F Browning; Scott C Parrish Journal: J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect Date: 2014-02-17