Cd-Free Zn(O,S) as Alternative Buffer Layer for Chalcogenide and Kesterite Based Thin Films Solar Cells: A Review.

Cd is categorized as a toxic material with restricted use in electronics as there are inherent problems of treating waste and convincing consumers that it is properly sealed inside without any threat of precarious leaks. Apart from toxicity, band-gap of CdS is about 2.40-2.50 eV, which results significant photon loss in short-wavelength range which restricts the overall performance of solar cells. Thin film of Zn(O,S) is a favorable contender to substitute CdS thin film as buffer layer for CuInGaSe₂ (CIGS), CuInGa(S,Se)₂ (CIGSSe), Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄ (CZTSSe) Cu₂ZnSnSe₄ (CZTSe), Cu₂ZnSnS₄ (CZTS) thin film absorber material based photovoltaic due to it made from earth abundant, low cost, non-toxic materials and its ability to improve the efficiency of chalcogenide and kesterite based photovoltaic due to wider band-gap which results in reduction of absorption loss compared to CdS. In this review, apart from mentioning various deposition technique for Zn(O,S) thin films, changes in various properties i.e., optical, morphological, and opto-electrical properties of Zn(O,S) thin film deposited using various methods utilized for fabricating solar cell based on CIGS, CIGSSe, CZTS, CZTSe and CZTSSe thin films, the material has been evaluated for all the properties of buffer layer (high transparency for incident light, good conduction band lineup with absorber material, low interface recombination, high resistivity and good device stability).