Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Characteristics and Applications.

Nonmetallic carbon-based nanomaterials (CNMs) are important in various potential applications, especially after the emergence of graphene and carbon nanotubes, which demonstrate outstanding properties arising from their unique nanostructures. The pristine graphitic structure of CNMs consists of sp2 hybrid C-C bonds and is considered to be neutral in nature with low wettability and poor reactivity. To improve its compatibility with other materials and, hence, for greater applicability, CNMs are generally required to be functionalized effectively and/or doped with heteroatoms in their graphitic frameworks for feasible interfacial interactions. Among the various possible functional/doping elements, nitrogen (N) atoms have received much attention given their potential to fine tune the intrinsic properties, such as the work-function, charge carrier concentration, surface energy, and polarization, of CNMs. N-doping improves the surface energy and reactivity with enhanced charge polarization and minimal damage to carbon frameworks. The modified surface energy and chemical activity of N-doped carbon nanomaterials (NCNMs) can be useful for a broad range of applications, including fuel cells, solar cells, Li-ion batteries, supercapacitors, chemical catalysts, catalyst supports, and so forth.